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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What happens to salt in the presence of water?
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Easily dissociates into ions in the presence of water.
Note: Vital to many body functions |
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What reactions require water?
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Hydrolysis reactions.
Note: helps digest food |
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What are salts?
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Electrolytes.
(ions that conduct electrical currents) |
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What makes an acid?
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1. Release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water.
2. Proton donors. 3. Strong acids ionize completely and liberate all their protons. 4. Weak acids ionize incompletely. |
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What makes a base?
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1. Release hydroxyl ion when dissolved in water. 2. Proton acceptors.
3. Strong bases seek hydrogen ions. |
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What is a neutralization reaction?
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Type of exchange reaction in which acids and bases react to form water and a salt.
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PH
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1. Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions.
2. Based on the number of protons in a solution; expressed in terms of moles per liter. 3. Each successive change on the PH scale represents a tenfold change. In H+ concentration. |
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What is a neutral PH?
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PH7
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PH below 7 is:
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acidic
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PH above 7:
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Basic
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Buffers
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Chemicals that can regulate PH change.
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Polymer
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Chainlike molecules made of many similar or repeating units (monomers).
Many biological molecules are polymers, such as carbs and proteins. |
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What orbits the nucleus and does it have a charge?
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Electrons. They have a negative charge.
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What is the universal solvent?
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Water
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What makes up the nucleus?
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Protons and Neutrons
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What forms a colloid?
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When solutes of intermediate size forms a translucent mixture.
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What are the vital properties of water?
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1. High heat capacity.
2. Polarity/solvent properties. 3. Chemical reactivity. 4. Cushioning. |
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What are organic compounds?
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1. Contains carbon.
2. Large covalently bonded molecules. 3. Includes carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. |
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What is an inorganic compound?
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1. Lacks carbon.
2. Small, simple molecules. 3. Includes water, salts, and some acids and bases |
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What factors influence the rate of chemical reactions?
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1. Temperature.
2. Concentration of reacting particles. 3. Particle size. 4. Presence of catalysts. |
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Atomic Weight
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About the same number as the atomic mass
(if you have 6 protons and 6 neutrons, the atomic mass is 12. So the weight will be roughly around 12.) |
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What makes an isotope?
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Changing the number of neutrons in an element (it makes it heavier).
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What is a molecule?
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Two or more atoms of the same elements.
(H(atom) + (H(atom) = H2 (molecule) |
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Atomic Mass
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The sum of protons and neutrons
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Atomic Number
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Equal to the number of protons
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What does the Orbital Model do?
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It predicts chemical behavior of atoms.
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What determines an atom's chemical behavior?
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Electrons
(if they're missing some in the valence shell, some serious shade can be thrown and some other pesky atoms can steal theirs, or they are the pesky atoms and they can take others.) |
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What are Ions?
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Ions are atoms that have lost or gained electrons
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What are Atoms?
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1. Building blocks of elements.
2. They differ from one another. 3. They're indivisible. 4. They're electrically neutral. |
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What is an Exchange Reaction?
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1. Moving atoms around.
2. The exchange is reversible. 3. Different molecules are made. |
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What is the decomposition reaction?
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1. Molecules are broken down.
2. Chemical energy is released. 3. Underlies all catabolic (tearing down) activities in the body. |
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What is the synthesis reaction?
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1. Atoms or molecules combine.
2. Energy is absorbed for bond formation. 3. Underlies all anabolic (building up) activities in the body. |
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Hydrogen bonds
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1. Weak chemical bonds (attracted to negative portion of polar molecule).
2. Attraction between polar molecule. 3. Responsible for surface water tension (PAPERCLIP). |
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What is a Polar Covalent Bond?
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(Opposite)
1. Electrons are not shared equally. 2. Molecule has positive and negative sides. |
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What is a non-polar covalent bond?
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If electrons are shared equally.
(co = together. covalent = SHARING IS CARING) |
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What is a double covalent bond?
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Shares 2 pairs of electrons
(SHARING IS MORE CARING IN DOUBLES) |
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What is a single covalent bond?
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One pair of electrons are shared
(SHARING IS CARING) |
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What's the weakest bond?
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Hydrogen bond
(weak sauce) |
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What bond is the strongest bond?
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Covalent bonds.
(SHARING IS CARING) |
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What makes up 96% of your body?
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C.H.O.N. BABY!
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What are the main 4 units of matter?
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1. Carbon 2. Hydrogen. 3. Oxygen 4. Nitrogen (C.H.O.N. BABY!)
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How do you say and spell ATP?
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Adenosine Triphosphate
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Radiant Energy
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Travels in waves. IE: X-rays, the sun, light, etc.
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Mechanical Energy
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Physically doing work
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Electrical energy
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Results from movement of charged particles.
CHAAARGGEE!! |
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What is Chemical energy?
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It's stored in the bonds of chemical substances.
When bonds are broken, the (potential) stored energy is unleashed and becomes kinetic energy (energy in action). |
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Forms of Energy
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1. Chemical
2. Electrical 3. Mechanical 4. Radiant |
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In what ways does matter change?
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1. Physically (ice and liquid).
2. Chemically (it changes the chemical composition of a substance) |
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What do you call a positively charged ion?
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Cation (positive charge due to loss of electron - the protons outnumber the electrons)
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What do you call a negative Ion?
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Anion (through the gain of an electron - the electrons outnumber the protons)
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What is an Ionic bond?
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Gives or takes an electron (complete transfer)
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What are Inert elements?
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Stable elements! Because stable elements are happy elements - INERTLY HAPPY :)
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What are chemical reactions?
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1. Atoms are united by chemical bonds.
2. Atoms dissociate from other atoms when chemical bonds are broken |
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What are elements?
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Fundamental units of matter
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What is matter, and what states does it come in?
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Anything that occupies space and has mass.
(3 states: Liquid, gaseous, and solid) |
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What is a compound?
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Two or more atoms of DIFFERENT elements.
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What is a Radioisotope?
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1. Heavy isotope.
2. Tends to be unstable. 3. Decomposes to be more stable. 4. Radioactivity is the process of spontaneous decay. |
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What is energy, and what types are there?
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The ability to do work.
Types: 1. Kinetic (doing work) 2. Potential (inactive or stored) |
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What is a fibrous (AKA structural) protein? |
1. They are stable proteins that bind structures together and exist in the body's tissues 2. They exhibit secondary, tertiary, or even quaternary structures |
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What are globular (AKA functional) proteins? |
1. the proteins that function as antibodies, hormones, or enzymes 2. They exhibit at least tertiary structure 3. Can be denatured and no longer perform physiological roles 4. Active sites "fit" and interact chemically with other molecules |
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What does an enzyme do? |
1. act as biological catalysts 2. increase the rate of chemical reactions 3. bind to substrates at an active site to catalyze reactions |
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How do you recognize an enzyme? |
-ase suffix i.e. hydrolase and oxidase |
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What is the largest biological molecule in the body? |
Nucleic Acids |
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What are nucleic acidscomposed of and what do they make up? |
Composed of C.H.O.N.P (p=PHOSPHORUS) -they make up genes |
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What are nucleic acids made of? |
Nucleotides containing three parts 1. nitrogen base: adenine guanine cytosine thymine ****uracil (ONLY IN RNA) 2. pentose sugar 3. a phosphate group |
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What is the geneticmaterial found within the cell's nucleus and provides instructions for everyprotein in the body? |
DNA |
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What sugar and bases does DNA contain? |
- deoxyribose (remember"ose" at the end means sugar) - adenine - thymine - cytosine - guanine |
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How is DNA organized? |
It's organized by complimentary bases to form a double helix |
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What carries out DNA's instructions for protein synthesis? |
- RNA |
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What is created for a template of DNA and organized by the complementary bases to form a single-stranded helix? |
- RNA |
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What are the three varieties of RNA? |
- messenger - transfer - ribosomal |
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What does RNA contain? |
- ribose - adenine - uracil - cytosine - guanine |
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What is ATP composed of? |
1. A nucleotide built from ribose sugar 2. An adenine base 3. Three phosphate groups. |
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What is ATP? |
The chemical energy used by all cells |
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How is the energy from ATP released? |
-by breaking high-energy phosphate bonds. |
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How is ATP replenished? |
-by oxidation of food fuels |
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What accumulates as ATP and is used for energy? |
-ADP (adenosine diphosphate) |
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What are three examples of how ATP drives cellular work |
-chemical work, ATP provides the energy needed to drive energy absorbing chemical reactions -transport work, ATP drives the transport of certain solutes across cell membrane -mechanical work, ATP activates contractile proteins in muscle cells so that the cells can shorten and perform mechanical work |
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Saturated fats! What type of bonds are they, what form do they come in, and what do they look like at room temperature and why? |
1. Contain only single covalent bonds 2. Chains are straight 3. Exist as solids at room temperature since molecules pack closely together |
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Unsaturated fats! What type of bonds are they, what do they look like at room temperature, and how are they viewed by nutritionists? |
1. Contain one or more double covalent bonds causing chains to kink. 2. Exist as liquid oils at room temperature 3. Heart Healthy |
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Trans Fats! What do they look like and why? How are they viewed by nutritionists? |
1. Oils that have been solidified by the addition of hydrogen atoms at double bond sites 2. Increase risk of heart disease |
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Omega-3 Fatty Acids! Where do you find them, and how do nutritionists view them? |
They're found in cold-water fish and plant sources, including flax, pumpkin, and chia seeds; walnuts, and soy foods. They appear to decrease risk of heart disease. |
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What are the common lipids in the human body? |
Phospholipids and Steroids |
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Describe phospholipids! Remember, we went over this in lab. :) |
They contain two fatty acids rather than three, and the phosphorus-containing "head" carries an electrical charge and is polar. The charged region interacts with water and ions while the fatty acid chains ("tails") do not. They form cell membranes! Remember? |
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Describe steroids, and what do they include? |
Formed of four interlocking rings Include cholesterol, bile salts, vitamin D, and some hormones |
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What is the basis for all steroids made in the body? |
Cholesterol |
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How do we ingest cholesterol (a steroid), and what organ makes it? |
By eating animal products. The liver also makes cholesterol. |
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What organic compound accounts for over half of the body's organic matter? |
Proteins |
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What organic compound plays a vital role in cell function? |
Proteins |
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What organic compound provides construction materials for body tissues? |
Proteins |
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What organic compound acts as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies? |
Proteins |
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What elements make up the organic compound steroids? |
CHONS! Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulphur! |
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What organic compound is built from amino acids? |
Protein |
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What is the amino acid structure? |
1. Contain an amine group (NH2) 2. Contain an acid group (COOH) 3. Vary only by R groups |
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How many amino acids does the protein structure, polypeptides, contain? |
Polypeptides contain fewer than 50 amino acids. |
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How many amino acids do large protein structures contain? |
50 to thousands |
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What do sequences of amino acids produce? |
A variety of proteins! |
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What is the structural level of proteins? |
1. Primary Structure 2. Secondary Structure (Alpha helix, and beta-pleated sheet) 3. Teriary structure 4. Quatemary structure |
