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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Economy |
the management of resources, including production, distribution, and consumption |
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Subsistence |
how people sustain themselves especially in regards to how they obtain food Impact: >settlement >group size >technology and labor >wealth >"food" is more than nutrition >social purpose >raw material (trees for homes) >wealth (power and access) >identity (ex. pone nut soup,) >ritual/symbol (things eaten certain ties of the year) |
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Foraging |
"hunting and gathering" >production based on mastery of environment >seasonally mobile >smaller groups of people >balanced diet >low energy budgets >limited storage >production is generalized |
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Horticulture |
some plant foods are cultivated (not wild)>>>some wild food eaten >simple crop production (some animals) >>small garden plants >production based on extensive technology >sedentary (live in one place) >slightly larger groups >poorer nutrition (less variety) >high energy budgets >general production (everyone is capable of everything((family job))) |
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Pastoralism |
Domestic animals are primary resource >sophisticated technology for production >herding animals >relatively mobile >larger groups(need many people to tend to animals) >better nutrition (small scale gardening, dairy, diversity in food) >high energy budgets >limited storage, generalized production |
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Agriculture |
bigger scale of horticulture(plant food is cultivated) >large fields and plots used >production is specialized, also based on many levels of technology >sedentary with very Large groups >intermediate energy budgets >More storage |
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Industrialism |
system based on industries, rather than just agriculture >very large scale plant and animal domestication >production based on a lot of technology >sedentary, large, complex groups >poor nutrition >intermediate energy budgets >abundance of storage and accumulation >production is VERY specialized |
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Exchange |
the transference of material goods and services between people >literally >also exchange non material things >> stories, songs, services |
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Gift exchange |
the transference of goods or services without requiring immediate repayment |
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Market exchange |
transference of goods or services where immediate payment is required
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Gift |
type of good exchanged, >no fixed price >no immediate reciprocation >create relationship of debt and obligation >social ties strongly associated |
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Commodities |
type of good exchanged >fixed price based on a monetary system >transactions are immediately concluded >no obligations or social ties are created >disconnected from the creator/owner/ or giver >mass- produced items created for profit |
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Reciprocity |
the exchange of goods or services between individuals or groups that create mutual obligation between the parties involved |
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Redistribution |
collection of goods by a central source who then redistributes the collected goods to the society at large >ex>> taxes for schools |
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Market exchange |
the exchange of goods that is dictated by supply and demand and establishes an impersonal, contractual relationship between the parties involved >usually have a general sense of what a product should be worth >usually commodities >money is often the median of exchange/determine value >can have goods exchanged for other goods |
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Barter |
goods and services are exchanged for other goods and service * where prices aren't set beforehand > a price is determined |
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Medium of exchange |
a medium of exchange (ex: money) is traded for goods and services |
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Relational approach |
concerned with how exchange selects and shapes: >identities of people >relationships between people >the relationship between the people and the things exchanged |
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politics |
aspect of a culture related to the decision making of a group of people as well as the administration and implementation of policy .guiding, controlling, persuading people >in some countries politics is deeply related to religion |
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power |
the ability to influence or cause people or group to do certain things that they would not do otherwise |
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systemic approach |
focuses o understanding how stateless societies are socially and politically integrated >developed in the 1940s |
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Centralized system |
Types of political systems *stratified >hierarchically organized (decision making is in the hands the few people in charge) >formal system for maintaining authority(res has to be a certain age, term limits) >individuals submit to those in control >presence of elite class (more privilege more rights) >formal institutions for dealing with disputes (court house) >taxation is paid >existence of military >compliance involves coercion |
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Leadership system |
Rank societies >no formal system of authority (others can choose not to comply) >No formal law to maintain leadership >come consensus is required among the group >leadership is achieved (based on personal achievement, generosity, speaking ability) >leaders are "organizers" rather than "rulers" |
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Egalitarian system |
everyone has a voice >nor formal leaders >decisions based on group consensus >authority within culture is distributed (everyone must agree) > positions authority are based on gender and age (not really leaders, but slight authority)(falls to older people male or female) >works well with small scale societies |
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Actor-Centered approach |
anthropological approach to politics >individual power strategies >relationship between individuals and political structure |
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Dual notions of power |
Power to- the ability to act Power over- the ability to act AND control others |
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Kinship |
how people are linked, connected, and related to other people within their culture |
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Impact of kinship |
.Identity .inheritance .succession of political power .social obligation .alliances .social organization and integration |
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Kinship and Biological relationships |
NOT THE SAME kinship> socially and culturally made |
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Diagram kinship |
Diagrammingkinship… Ø/√ = deceased ≠ divorcedØ=√ Ø = √ | | V O ≠ V V | V O=V O= female V(actually triangle)=male |
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Descent theory |
>focuses on the idea that kinship is based upon descent links between parents and children |
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descent theory >Patrilineal descent |
transmission of group membership or resources follows the father's line .Men pass down to their children >>women are outsiders and considered threats |
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Matrilineal descent |
transmission of group membership or resources follow the mothers line >NOT an inversion of patrilineal >men often still control a great deal of resources and political power >small portion controlled by the matrilineal line |
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Bilateral descent |
resources and group membership are transmitted through kin on BOTH mother and father's sides >traditionally last names the fathers |
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Alliance theory |
focuses on the alliance relationships that are created through marriage >marriages between countries- kings and queens >>some marriages are arranged |
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Monogamy |
traditionally, the marriage of one man to one woman (but changing) >popular in western countries |
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Polygamy |
marriage involving more than two individuals |
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polygyny |
marriage of one man to many woman (POLY= many, GYNY=woman) >can be expensive ( a lot of pregnant women at once) >79% of countries preferred |
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Polyandry |
the marriage of one woman to multiple men (poly-AND(r)Y > many andy's) >less than 1% practice or allow >>common in tibet >>>>two brothers commonly share wives b/c of how their inheritance works (land split multiple times becomes too small so they share each others land along with wife) |
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Endogamy |
marrying WITHIN the group helps to consolidate and control resources and maintain cultural identity >distinct identity |
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Exogamy |
Marrying OUTSIDE the group, helps obtain mates and creates alliance |
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Dowry |
A type of marriage transaction where the bride;s family provides gifts/resources to the grooms family >ex: brides family paying for the majority of the wedding |
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Bride wealth |
a type of marriage transaction where the grooms family provides gifts/ resources to the bride's family |
