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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Abattoir
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Slaughterhouse for processing livestock to meat.
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Bolus
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A soft mass of chewed food.
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Crossbreeding
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The mating of individuals of two distinct breeds.
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Flushing
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Change of feed for females before breeding. Stimulates estrus cycle and includes ovulation rate.
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Nutrient
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A chemical element or compound that is essential for normal body metabolism, growth and production. Includes: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals and water.
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Quality
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A term indicating fineness of texture as opposed to coarseness. Used to indicate relative merit of various productive and/or conformation traits in describing a single animal or comparing two or more animals.
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Stag
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An animal castrated at or near maturity after having developed definite masculine characteristics.
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Abortion
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Premature expulsion of the fetus.
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Brand
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An owner's identification mark applied to a specific area of an animal's body. Usually it is a hot iron on cattle and horses, and paint on sheep and goats.
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Cud
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A bolus of regurgitated food that ruminants rechew.
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Foot Rot
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A common inflammation occuring between the toes and in the hoofs of sheep and cattle. The symptoms are limping and a swelling above and between the claws. Caused by a combination of fungus and bacteria.
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Off Feed
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A term often used in reference to loss of appetite in animals.
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Rangy
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Designated an animal that is long, lean, leggy, and lacking in muscularity.
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Supplementing
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Supplying additional nutrients to animals on poor feed such as dry range.
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Afterbirth
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The placenta and membranes with which the fetus is connected to the mother's uterus. It is expelled frollowing parturition.
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Breed
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A group of animals descended from common ancestry and possessing certain inherited characteristics which distinguish it from any other group.
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Cull
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Remove from the herd or flock, usually undesirable and/or inefficient (unprofitable) breeding stock that will be sent to slaughter.
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Forage
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Plants used for feed by livestock in grazing.
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Offspring
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The progeny, "Get and Produce" of parents.
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Ration
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The amount of food supplied to an animal for a definite period, usually for a day. Also, can refer to the ingredients which comprise the daily amount of feed.
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Tankage
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A by-product from meat packing houses, used as a food for animals. It is rich in protein.
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Animal Unit
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A unit of measurement of livestock, the equivalent of one mature cow weighting 1,000 lbs. The measure is used in making comparisons of feed consumption. Five mature ewes are also considered an animal unit.
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Browse
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Small woody plants with tender shoots used as feed by goats, sheep and cattle.
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Dam
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The female parent of an animal.
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Anestrous
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Period of time when the female is not in estrus; the non-breeding season.
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Omnivore
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Animals that eat both animal and plant origin feeds.
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Roughages
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Feeds high in fiber, low in TDN as hay and silage; the complete forage plant, including the stalk, stem, leaf, and (if mature) the seed.
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Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN)
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The sum of all nutrients in a feed that are digested by the animal.
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Animal Unit Month
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The amount of feed needed by one animal unit for good growth and production during one month, usually 400 lbs of TDN.
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Brucellosis
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Contagious abortion in beef and dairy cattle, caused by Brucellosis germ. Same disease in humans is known as undulant fever.
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De-horn
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Removal of horns from cattle and goats to facilitate handling of animals and prevent body damage.
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Founder
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Inflammation of foot and lower leg of horse and ruminant animals. Caused by overeating grain or green grass.
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Open
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In breeding stock, an animal not pregnant.
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Ruminants
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Animals having a stomach with several compartments (rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasums). Their digestive process is more complex, than true stomach animals such as horses and pigs. Common ruminants include cattle, sheep and goats.
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Type
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A livestock term that denotes an ideal or standard of perfection combining all characteristics which contribute to the animal's value and efficiency for the purpose specified.
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Antibiotic
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A product of living organism which, when present is low concentrations, destroys or inhibits the growth or action of another microorganism. Very effective against pathogenic bacteria, non-effective against virus organisms.
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Bull
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A mature male bovine.
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Digestible Protein
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That part of the protein in feed which the animal can digest, usually 75 to 85 percent.
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Freemartin
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A sexually imperfect female calf, normally sterile, born as the twin of a male.
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Parturition
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The act of giving birth to young.
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Rustle
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To hunt for own feed, especially range animals moving out, away from water and supplemental feed, after the native forage; also, to steal livestock.
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Udder
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Group of secretary mammary glands provided with two or more teats, using nutrients from the blood; produces milk.
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Artificial Insemination
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The mechanical injection of male semen into the womb of the female with a special type of syringe-like apparatus. The process begins with the collection of semen from the male. This method is used extensively in the dairy industry.
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Carnivore
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Animal that eats animal origin feeds only.
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Dressing Percentage
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A comparison of the weight of a chilled carcass with its live weight to determine the percentage of yield. Dressing precentage is an important factor in determining market price of meat animals sold for slaughter.
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Freshen
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To come into milk production after calving.
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Pedigree
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A record of ancestry.
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Scours
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An infectious disease, similar to diarrhea, common to young animals. it often occurs after birth.
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Vaccination
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The process of artificially immunizing an individual with a biologic material to establish immunity against an infectious disease.
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Bacterins
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Vaccines
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Carrying Capacity
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The number of animals that pasture can properly carry or fed for a certain period.
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Eartag
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A metal or plastic tag fastened to the ear of an animal for the purpose of identification.
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Genetics
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The science of the study of inheritance.
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Phenotype
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Visual appearance of an animal that is an expression of its genotype (internal genetic makeup.)
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Scrub
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An animal of inferior breeding and/or individually.
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Viscera
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The internal organs of the body.
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Balanced Ration
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A ration which furnishes all the necessary nutrients in the proportions and amounts needed by the animal for normal functioning and growth.
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Castration
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The removal of male reproductive organs (testicles) to reduce sexual activity and increase fattening of meat animals.
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Easy Keeper
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An animal that does well, attains food condition on a minimum of feed.
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Gestation Period
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Period of pregnancy. In cows, the average period is 281 days, in sheep, the average is 147 days, in swine, the average is 114 days.
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Physiology
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The science of the function of organs, systems, and the whole living body.
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Cow Hocked
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A condition in which the hocks are close together but the feet stand apart.
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Zoonoses
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Those pathogenic infectious diseases that can be transmitted between vertebrate animals and man.
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Balling Gun
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A long, metal instrument with a cup-like depression at one end for placing solids medicine in the back of the mouth of an animal so that the medication is swallowed without being chewed.
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Chute
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A narrow alley or structure limiting animals to single file passage. May be portable. Squeeze - To restrain animals for husbandry practices to be performed.
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Elastration
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The method of castrating young male animals by chocking off circulation to the testicles by means of a heavy ring put in place with a special tool.
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Grade
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An animal of common or mixed breeding; an animal which is not a purebred.
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Pink Eye
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A disease which attacks the eyes of cattle all ages. The eye gradually becomes pearl colored and opaque. The eyeball may even rupture, causing blindness.
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Scurs
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Small rounded portions of horn tissue attached to the skin at the horn pits of polled animals; re-growth after the de-horning operation.
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Bang's Disease
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See Brucellosss.
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Colostrum
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The first milk produced by a female mammal right after parturition. It is thicker and yellow in color, and contains high levels of antibodies, protein, and energy.
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Embryo Transfer
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Recovery of Zygote(s) from female and transplanted to a recipient(s) that act as a surrogate mother to complete the embryo and fetal development to full term and parturition. enables an outstanding female to produce multiples of her genetic offspring in a short period of time.
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Graze
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Livestock and wild animals consume standing vegetation.
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Predator
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Any animal, including insects and microorganisms, that preys upon other animals resulting in injury and/or death.
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Selection
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The selection of certain individual animals to be the parents of the next generation. For profitable improvements, this choice must be done on the basis of the individuals' practical performances, also of the ancestors and progeny (if available).
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Barren
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Sterile, infertile, incapable of producing offspring.
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Concentrate
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Feeds in higher digestible nutrients and low in fiber, such as, barley, oats, cottonseed and beet pulp.
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Estrus
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The time when a female is receptive to service from a breeding male, timed to the imminent release of the ovum (egg) for fertilization.
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Green Chop
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Mechanical harvesting (gathering and chopping of forage crops (entire plant)) and delivery to feed bunks for livestock consumption.
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Pregnancy Testing
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Examining the female animal to determine if she has conceived. In cattle and horses, this is usually done 45 or more days after breeding.
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Settled
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Term commonly used to indicate a female has become pregnant; also, conceived.
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Biologics
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Immunication materials made from living or "killed" organisms and their products, used for the detection and prevention of diseases; includes serums, vaccines, Bacterins, antigens, and antitoxins.
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Condition
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Refers to the amount of flesh (body weight), the quality of the hair coat, and the general health of animals.
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Feed Conversion Ratio
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The comparison of the amount of feed consumed by animals or poultry to the amount of meat or eggs produced by the animal or chickens. An example: beef animals requires approximately 7.5 pounds of feed per pound of gain.
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Herbivore
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Animals that eat plant origin feeds only.
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Prepotent
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Designating an animal which transmits its own characteristics to its progeny to a marked and highly uniform degree. Sometimes used to denote a high degree of fertility in males.
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Shrinkage
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The loss of weight an animal experiences, due to excretion, during transit or movement. The standard allowance in transit of beef cattle, for example, is four percent of gross weight of the cattle at the time the purchaser takes possession.
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Bloating
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Abnormal swelling of the abdomen of livestock, caused by excessive gas formation which can result in death.
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Confinement
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Livestock kept in "dry-lot" for maximum year-round production. Facilities may be partial or complete solid floored and enclosed covered.
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Fiber
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The cellulose portion of roughages (forages) that is low in TDN and hard to digest by monogastric animals. Ruminant animals with their rumen microorganisms are able to digest a higher portion of the fibrous matter.
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Hybrid Vigor
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The tendency of crossbred offspring to perform better, in certain traits, than the average of their parents.
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Produce
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The progeny of offspring of a dam (female).
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Sibling
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Related animals of the same generation. Half or full brothers/sisters.
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Bloodline
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In animals, a distinctive trait of character stemming from a sequence of direct ancestors in a pedigree; a family with in a breed.
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Conformation
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Refers to shape of the body of an animal and the relation of the shape to the "ideal" type desired. Conformation and type are correlated with the product and/or performance for which the animal is used.
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Fistula
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Surgical incision into the rumen from the left side of a ruminant animal; a metal, rubber or glass cannula with a cap is used to allow entry into the rumen for research.
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Inbreeding
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Mating of close relations, usually sire to daughter, dam to son, brother to sister, etc.
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Progeny Testing
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Testing the male or female for desirable production characteristics by checking the performance of their sons or daughters.
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Silage
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Prepared by chopping green forage (grass, legumes, field corn, etc) into an airtight chamber, where it is compressed to exclude air and undergoes an acid fermentation that retards spoilage. Contains about 65% moisture, 3 lbs. of silage is equal to 1 lbs. of hay nutritionally.
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Bloom
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Term commonly used to describe the beauty and freshness of a female in early lactation, also for animals in the peak of condition for a show or sale.
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Cow
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Mature female bovine, usually two years of age or older.
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Live fluke
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A parasite of the liver.
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Protein
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The total nitrogenous material in vegetable or animal substance.
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Sire
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The male parent of an animal.
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Creep Feeder
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A feeding pen built with a small entrance through which only young, small animals can enter. This prevents larger animals from entering.
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Livestock
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Domestic farm animals kept for productive purposes includes beef and dairy cattle, sheep and goats, swine, and (can include) poultry.
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Monogastric
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Having only one stomach or stomach compartment.
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Proven Sire
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A sire whose transmitting ability has been measured by comparing the production performance of his offspring with that of the dams (prior generation) and/or herd mates under similar enviornment conditions.
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Break Joint
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Denotes the point on a lamb carcass where the foot and pastern are removed at the cartilaginous junction of the front leg.
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Mouthing
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The process of inspecting an animals teeth (usually sheep and horses) to determine the age.
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Purebred
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An unadulterated or pure strain of any breed of livestock. The standards for officially registering an animal as purebred are established by the breed association. The term is commonly confused with "Thoroughbred", which is a specific breed of horse.
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Slaughterhouse
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A place where animals marketed for meat are sent for slaughter.
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Net Energy
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Measurement of digestible energy that is actually used by an animals for maintenance and production.
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Springer
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A cow in calf; due to calve soon.
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Alveolus
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A hollow cluster of cells. In the mammary gland, these cells secrete milk.
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Beri-beri
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A disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin B.
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Candling
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The chinning of a bright light through an egg to see if it contains a live embryo.
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Carnucle
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The "buttons" on the ruminant uterus where the cotyledons on the fetal membranes attach.
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Chyme
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The thick, liquid mixture of food that passes from the stomach to the small intestine.
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Dark Cutter
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Color of the lean (muscle) in the carcass has a dark appearance, usually caused by stress (excitement, etc.) to the animal before slaughter.
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Evisceration
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The removal of the internal organs during the slaughtering process.
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Necropsy
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Postmortem examination.
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Porcine Stress Syndrome (PSS)
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A genetic defect in swine inherited as a simple recessive. It is associated with heavily muscled animals that may suddenly die when exposed to stressful conditions. Their muscle is usually pale, soft, and exudative (PSE).
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Somatotropin
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The growth hormone from the anterior pituitary that stimulates nitrogen retention and growth.
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Sweetbread
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An edible by-product also known as the pancreas.
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