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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are the levels of organization from least complex to most complex?
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chemical, cellular, tissue, organs, system level, organismic level
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growth
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increase in number or size of cells or the material found between cells
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reproduction
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formation of new cells or new individuals
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metabolism
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sum of all chemical processes
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differentiation
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specialization of cells for a specific function
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responsiveness
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detect and respond to changes in internal or external environment
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positive feedback system and example
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the original stimulus is intensified
ex: child birth |
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negative feedback system and example
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original stimulus is reversed
ex: blood glucose |
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cell
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smallest living unit of the body
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tissue
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group of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together on one task
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organ
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grouping of two or more tissue types into a recognizable structure with a specific function
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organ system
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connection of related organs with a common function
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homeostasis
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maintaining the internal environment within physiological limits
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anatomical position
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standing upright, facing observer, head level, eyes forward, feet flat on floor, arms at sides , palms forward
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Medially located abdominopelvic regions
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epigastric, umbilical, pubic
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laterally located abdominopelvic regions
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hypochondriac, lumbar, inguinal
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anterior and posterior plane
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frontal
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superior and inferior
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transverse
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Right and left
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saggittal
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medial
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towards the midline
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lateral
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away from midline
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anterior
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front
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posterior
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back
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superior
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towards the head
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inferior
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away from the head
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superficial
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towards the surface of the skin
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deep
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away from the surface of the skin
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ipsilateral
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same side of the body
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contralateral
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on opposite sides of the body
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proximal
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towards the point of attachment (origin)
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distal
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away from the point of attachment (origin)
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Functions of serous membrane
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Allow smooth movement of internal organs/reduce friction between organs
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What serous membrane encloses the heart
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visceral/parietal pericardium
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What serous membrane encloses the lungs
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visceral/parietal pleura
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what serous membrane covers the abdominal organs
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visceral/parietal peritoneum
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Which body cavity surrounds the brain and spinal cord?
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Dorsal body cavity
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Femoral, popliteal, patellar, crural, pedal
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lower limb
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brachial, antebrachial, antecubital, olecranal, carpal, manual
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upper limb
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nasal, oral, buccal, orbital, mental, occipital
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cephalic
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pelvic, pubic, inguinal, gluteal
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os coxa/hip
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pectoral, mammary, sternal, costal
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thorax
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stimulus
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any disruption that causes a change in a controlled condition
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receptor
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(input) monitors a controlled condition
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control center
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determines next output
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effector
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(output) receives output from the control center and produces a response that changes the controlled condition
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Where is the stomach, liver, intestines, bladder, rectum, and repoductive organs located?
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abdominopelvic cavity
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osteogenic cell
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derived from mesenchyme, the tissue from which almost all connective tissue are formed
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osteoblast
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builds bone matrix
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osteocyte
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mature bone cells that maintain daily metabolism
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osteoclasts
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breaks down bone
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Anatomy of bone
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Outside: articular cartilage
Proximal epiphysis metaphysis diaphysis metaphysis distal epiphysis articular cartilage inside: spongy bone and red bone marrow epiphyseal line compact bone surrounded by perisosteum enosteum surrounding medullary cavity which contains the nutrient artery |
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compact bone
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contains osteons
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spongy bone
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contains trabeculae
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What is located at the center of an osteon
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contral canal
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what does a contral canal contain
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blood and lymph vessels
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what surrounds the contral canal
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lamellae of bone matrix
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how do osteocytes within lacunae recieve nourishment
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via canaliculi
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What is the overall effect of PTH on blood calcium levels?
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increases calcium levels in blood; activates osteoclasts
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What is the overall effect of calcitonin on blood calcium levels?
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decreases calcium levels in blood; inhibits osteoclasts
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Functions of the skeletal system
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movement, support, protection, mineral storage
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rickets
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childhood disorder marked by vitamin D deficiency, bones become soft
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osteomalacia
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softening of bones in the adult due to decreased calcium
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scurvy
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childhood disorder resulting from vitamin C deficiency; marked by bone brittleness
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giantism
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excess growth hormane leading to tall stature
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acromegaly
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excess growth hormone leading to enlarged bony features of the skeleton (adult only)
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dwarfism
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deficiency in growth hormone leading to short stature
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4 steps to fracture repair
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hematoma, pro-callus, bony-callous, bone remodeling
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what is osteopenia
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reduced bone mass/density
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What might be the underlying cause of osteoporosis in terms of osteoclast and osteoblast activity
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usually, osteoclasts become more active then osteoblasts leading to reduced bone density (osteopenia) and osteoporosis
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What are the 2 mechanisms of bone ossification (osteogenesis)
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endochondral and intramembranous
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bone tissue=
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bone cells + bone matrix
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bone matrix=
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collegen + hydroxyapatite (calcium-phosphate)
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bone cells=
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osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts
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collagen
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gives bone its tensile (flexible) strength
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calcium-phosphate minerals
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confer hardness to bone
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skeletal muscle
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striated and voluntary; moves skeleton (bones)
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cardiac muscles
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striated and involuntary; receives and pumps blood
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smooth muscles
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nonstriated and involuntary; moves substances through "tubes" of the body
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What releases acetylcholine at the nueromuscular junction
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somatic motor neuron axon terminal/ synaptic end bulb/ knob
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what type of membrane encloses a muscle organ
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epimysium
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what type of membrane encloses a fascicle
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perimysium
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what type of membrane encloses an individual muscle fiber
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endomysium
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what muscle cell organelle functions in calcium storage
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sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
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Sarcomere
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smallest contractile unit of a skeletal muscle fiber located between 2 adjacent z discs; a series of sarcomeres lined end to end form a myofibril
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what do myosin bridges attach to
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Myosin binding sites on actin (thin) filaments
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plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle cell
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sarcolemma
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Skeletal muscles are served by nerve cells called
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somatic motor neurons
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Their axons are called somatic motor fibers, terminate on skeletal muscle fibers.
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Since they behave as a single funstional unit, one nerve fiber and all the muscle fibers innervated by it are called
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a motor unit
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The point where a nerve fiber meets its target cell is called a synapse. When the target cell is a muscle fiber, the synapse is called ___ or motor end plate.
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a neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
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At each synapse, the nerve fiber ends in a bulbous swelling called a synaptic knob. The knob doesn't directly touch the muscle fiber but is separated from it by a narrow space called
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the synaptic cleft
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The synaptic knob contains organelles called synaptic vesicles, which are filled with a chemical called
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acetylcholine (ACh)I
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ACh receptors
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proteins incorporated into its plasma membrane
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The gap between the axon terminal of a somatic motor neuron and the sarcolemma of a skeletal muscle cell is called
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synaptic cleft
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What pathway to regenerate ATP during muscle activity is the fastest?
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Creative Phosphate System
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aerobic respiration
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a series of biochemical reactions within the cell that utilizes glucose and oxygen to produce ATP; it generates the largest amount of fuel in a muscle cell and is the primary means by which red fibers produce ATP
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anaerobic respiration
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biochemical within the cell that breaks down glucose in the absence of oxygen to produce ATP ; it generates a small amount of fuel in a muscle cell and is the primary means by which white fibers produce ATP
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creatine phosphate
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a small molecule that very readily and quickly regenerates ATP to privide enough energy in an active muscle cell to perform intense, powerful contractions that last only a brief period of time (10-15 sec)
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myosin
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thick filament
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actin
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thin filament
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place fasicicle, myofilament, muscle fiber, myofibril, sarcomere in order from largest to smallest
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1. fasicicle
2. muscle fiber 3. myofibril 4. sarcomere 5. myofilament |
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which muscle has involuntary regulation of contraction
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smooth and cardiac muscle
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what function do calcium ions perform during skeletal muscle contraction
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calcium binds to troponin to unblock the myosin binding sites on actin, enabling myosin heads (cross-bridges) to form with actin
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what generates the mechanical force of muscle contraction
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power stroke
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What event must occur to trigger a muscle to contract
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ACh binds ACh receptors at the motor endplate which causes sodium influx and depolarization (excitation) of the muscle fiber's sarcolemma
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what are the functions of the muscular system
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maintenance of posture
movement stabilization of joints generation of heat |
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smooth muscle requires nerve stimulation in order to elicit contraction
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false
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true or false
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thin filaments are made of a protein called actin
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true
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true or false
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one of the important functions of skeletal muscle is to generate heat
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true
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true or false
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a muscle twitch results when a muscle is stimulated causing crossbridge formation and the generation of tension in the muscle
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true
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true or false
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a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it stimulates refer to a motor unit
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true
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true or false
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the perimysium covers individual muscle organs
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false
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true or false
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Skeletal muscle is considered involuntary because it is the only type of muscle usually subject to conscious control
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false
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true or false
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the endomysium covers individual muscle fibers
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true
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true or false
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