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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Contents of Vertebral Canal
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Spinal cord, Blood vessels, meninges, and cerebro-spinal fluid
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X-ray
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exchange of energy in outer orbit, using about 1% of the energy released; higher density absorbs more and appear white (bone, etc)
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Myelography
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X-ray of spinal cord; inject contrast in subarachnoid space to see spinal cord
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Barium swallow
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drinking Barium sulfate
contrast medium to study the internal covering layer (mucous membrane) of the digestive tract. |
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CT Scan (Computed Tomography)
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same physics as xray but much more; 180 degrees over object, making cross-sectional pictures, millimeters, forming a picture; good for head
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MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
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works with water content of body (hydrogen atoms); big strong magnet, aligns hydrogen atoms in +, - form and spin them, gives radio wave, knocks the alignment off, turn off radio wave, align/ spin again, then emit picture; bones not really seen, non-invasive
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PET (Positron Emission Tomography)
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uses radio isotope materials (glucose), send to body, decay, emit gamma rays, send image; radio isotope can take time to produce image, can be expensive; good for metastatic tumors; can show which areas have been invaded by tumor, show blood supply going to tumor
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Sonography/ Ultrasound
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Uses sound waves at an unhearable frequency, echo, etc
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Long bone features
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Longer than wide; have shaft (diaphysis) and 2 heads (epiphysis)
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Short bones
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roughly cube- shaped
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Flat bones
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Thin and flattened, usually curved
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Irregular bones
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Various shapes, do not fit into other categories
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Hormonal regulation of bone growth
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Growth hormone: produced by the pituitary gland, stimulates epiphyseal plates
Thyroid hormone: ensures that the skeleton retains proper proportions Sex hormones: Promote bone growth, later induce closure of epiphyseal plates |
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Osteoporosis
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characterized by low bone mass, bone reabsorption outpaces
bone deposition, occurs in most of women after menopause (secretion of estrogens helps maintain bone density |
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Osteomalacia
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occurs in adults, bones are inadequately mineralized
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