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15 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Contents of Vertebral Canal
Spinal cord, Blood vessels, meninges, and cerebro-spinal fluid
X-ray
exchange of energy in outer orbit, using about 1% of the energy released; higher density absorbs more and appear white (bone, etc)
Myelography
X-ray of spinal cord; inject contrast in subarachnoid space to see spinal cord
Barium swallow
drinking Barium sulfate
contrast medium to study
the internal covering layer
(mucous membrane) of the
digestive tract.
CT Scan (Computed Tomography)
same physics as xray but much more; 180 degrees over object, making cross-sectional pictures, millimeters, forming a picture; good for head
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
works with water content of body (hydrogen atoms); big strong magnet, aligns hydrogen atoms in +, - form and spin them, gives radio wave, knocks the alignment off, turn off radio wave, align/ spin again, then emit picture; bones not really seen, non-invasive
PET (Positron Emission Tomography)
uses radio isotope materials (glucose), send to body, decay, emit gamma rays, send image; radio isotope can take time to produce image, can be expensive; good for metastatic tumors; can show which areas have been invaded by tumor, show blood supply going to tumor
Sonography/ Ultrasound
Uses sound waves at an unhearable frequency, echo, etc
Long bone features
Longer than wide; have shaft (diaphysis) and 2 heads (epiphysis)
Short bones
roughly cube- shaped
Flat bones
Thin and flattened, usually curved
Irregular bones
Various shapes, do not fit into other categories
Hormonal regulation of bone growth
Growth hormone: produced by the pituitary gland, stimulates epiphyseal plates

Thyroid hormone: ensures that the skeleton retains proper proportions

Sex hormones: Promote bone growth, later induce closure of epiphyseal plates
Osteoporosis
characterized by low bone mass, bone reabsorption outpaces
bone deposition, occurs in most of women after menopause (secretion
of estrogens helps maintain bone density
Osteomalacia
occurs in adults, bones are inadequately mineralized