Intro To American Literature

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Enlightenment Era

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(1620-1780)

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Transcendentalism

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(1836-1850)

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Romanticism Period

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(1800-1850)

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Revolutionary Period

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(1765-1815)

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National Expansion

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(1815-1837)

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Progressive Era

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(1890-1920)

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Antebellum Era

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(1780-1820)

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Colonial Period

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(1858-1947)

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Feminism Period

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(19th-21st c.)

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Literary Nationalism

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(1820-1850)

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Reconstruction Era

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After Civil War when the South united with the North.

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Antebellum

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After the Early Republic, but before the Civil War.

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Captivity Narrative

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Stories in which "civilized" people are captured by "savage" people and forced to live an uncivilized life in the wilderness until they are freed. They are almost always about expressing anxieties concerning colonialism. Incredibly popular prose genre in the 18th and 19th c.

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Catalogue

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A list Walt Whitman includes in much of his poetry.

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City on a Hill

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Puritan notion that the new community they were establishing in the Amercas was chosen by God and was to serve as an example to the rest of the world for how to live according to Godly ways--often seen as the precursor to manifest destiny

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Manifest Destiny

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a concept that drove 19th century U.S. expansion

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Colonialism

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1.Continued political and social control of a people

2.occupation of their land through settlement,

3.exploitation of their labor

4. gain control of their social and cultural practices.

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Conquest

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Forced settlement on/control of another nation or community's land.

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Democracy

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Rule of the Majority. Everyone gets a vote in electing the officials.

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Early Republic

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A form of government in which power is explicitly vested in the people, who in turn exercise their power through elected representatives. Also denotes the first decades of the U.S. as a new nation-state.

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Fascicle

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Used to describe Emily Dickinson's self-published works. It's a bundle or tract that is a published installment of a longer body of work.

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Feminism

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A number of movements that argue for equality and justice, with special attention paid to gender disparity, sexism, and patriarchy.

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Feminism's Three Waves

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1. First Wave Fem: fighting for women's right to vote in 19th c.

2. Second Wave Fem: 1960-70's that fought for equality and the ideal that women are equal to men.

3. Third Wave Fem: argue that gender, sexism, and patriarchy cannott be examined in isolation, but must always consider race, class, etc...

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Free Verse Poetry

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Poetic Style that does not follow a set meter or rhyme and follows the natural cadence of speech.

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Fourteener

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14 syllables and 7 iambic feet, which have a rhythmic, sing-song quality.

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Gender

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The cultural interpretation of sex. Gender is not one's biological sex. The most prominent gender categories are that of masculinity and femininity.

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Jeremiad

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Declension (decline) narrative that details the moral corruptions and problems in a society and foresees its downfall.

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Fugitive State Law (1850)

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Any slave captured must be returned to his master even if he is caught in "free" territories.

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What are the dates for the Civil War?

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(*1861-1865)

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Literary Nationalism

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The name of an intellectual and activist movement within Native American literary studies. The 1820's are considered the defining years for when critics first agreed that the United States had produced writers who distinctively wrote American works, and celebrating those works, can be called Literary Nationalism.

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Memorial

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A petition to Congress. Not single authored. Cherokee Nation wrote a memorial to the U.S. government in response to the lack of sovereignty given to their people by U.S. laws and the Declaration of Independence.

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Meter

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Rhythmic structure of verse.

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New England Fallacy

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A mistaken belief, especially one based on unsound argument.

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Progressive Era

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Era typically demarcated from 1890-1920. It was marked by widespread social reform as a response to many economic, environmental, social and cultural problems that arose with increased industrialization failures of Reconstruction-Era Politics, and income disparity.

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Reconstruction Era

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The period after the Civil War in which the states formed the Confederacy back into the U.S.

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Republic

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Government ruled by leaders elected by people.

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Revolution

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Forcibly overthrowing one government and replacing it with another government.

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Rhyme

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Repetition of similar sounding words, typically athlete end of a poem. (When occurring within a line of poetry it's called internal rhyme.)

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Sentimental Fiction

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Associated with women via a "separate spheres" philosophy. Particularly geared towards white women, the objective of most sentimental narratives is to evoke and emotional response to an injustice or ill in the world.

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Shorty Story

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Piece of fiction that can be read in one sitting, has a formal construction, a consistent theme, and a single focus; arose in the 19th century; often judged by its ability to give a complete picture, even though it must employ an economical plot and limited character development. (compared to novels that are long.)

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Slave Narrative

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Recounted the experiences of chattel slavery in the U.S. during the Antebellum Era. Typically invoked biblical allusions, spiritual journey, and in some ways, the appeal to audiences. Often accompanied by an introduction penned by white abolitionist assuring the verity of their story as a true account to the journey from slavery to freedom.

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Sovereignty

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A people's power to self-govern and determine their way of life, culture, and values.

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Transcendence

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Existence or experience beyond the normal of physical level.

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Christopher Columbus

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"from letters to Luis de Santangel Regarding the First Voyage" 1493

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Alvar Nunez Cabez de Vaca

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"How the World was Made"-A. N. C. d. V. 1542

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Mary Rowlandson

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"The Captivity and Restoration of Mary Rowlandson"-M.R. 1675

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Cotton Mathers

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"Wonders of the Invisible World"-C. M. 1692

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Benjamin Franklin

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"from The Autobiography: Part II"-B.F. 1783

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Thomas Jefferson

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"from The Declaration of Independence"-T.J. 1821-1829

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Phillis Wheatley

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-"On Being Brought from Africa to America"-P.W. 1773

-"To the University of Cambridge in New England"-P.W. 1773

-"To S. M., A young African Painter, on Seeing His Works,"-P.W. 1773

"To His Excellency George Washington"-P.W. 1775

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Washington Irving

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"Rip Van Winkle"-W.I. 1819

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Nathaniel Hawthorne

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"Young Goodman Brown"-N.H. 1835

"The Minister's Black Veil"-N.H. 1836

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Edgar Allan Poe

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"The Tell-Tale Heart"-E.A.P. 1843

"The Purloined Letter"-E.A.P. 1844

"The Philosophy of Composition"-E.A.P. 1846

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William Appess

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"An Indian's Looking Glass for the White Man"-W.A. 1833

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Elias Boudinot (Buck Watie)

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"Cherokee Pheonix"-E.B.1828

"Memorial of the Cherokee Council"-E.B. 1829

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Ralph Waldo Emerson

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"Letter to Martin Van Buren"-R.W.E. 1838

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Harriet Jacobs

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"from Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl"-H.J. 1861

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Frederick Douglass

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"from Narrative of Frederick Douglass"-F.D. 1838

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Walt Whitman

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"from Song of Myself"-W.W. 1855; 1881

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Emily Dickinson

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479(712)-E.D. 1862 "Carriage ride"

260(288)-E.D. 1861 "Im nobody"

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Kate Chopin

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"Desiree's Baby" 1894

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Charlotte Perkins Gillman

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"The Yellow Wall-Paper" 1892

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Nationalism

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Patriotic feelings, principles, or efforts.; advocacy of political independence for a particular country.