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103 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

A system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy.

Social Stratification

One's net worth or the total value of money and other assets minus debts.

Net Worth



Earnings From Works Or Investments

Income

Since 1980, this has been increasing among US families

Income Inequality



Beingborn into a particular one of these affects a person’s life chances includinghow much schooling they receive and the quality of their schooling; theirhealth and even how long they will live; and the quality of the food they eatand the air they breathe.

Social Class



Thestory of passenger deaths that accompanied the sinking of this ship shows thatwe’re not all in the same boat – social stratification is sometimes a matter oflife and death.

Titanic

This sort of social mobility refers to changes in the social position of most everyone in society itself.

Structural

Upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents.

Intergenerational

A chance in social position occuring during a person's lifetime

Intragenerational

A system of social stratification based upon both birth and individual merit.

Class

Social stratification based on ascription or birth

Caste

The stage of sociocultural evolution during which the intensity of social stratification peaked.

Agragarian

The stage of sociocultural evolution during which human societies were most egalatirian.

Foraging

Rather than"subjects" of their rulers, common people living in contemporary industrialized societies consider themselves to be these.

Citizens

Social stratification based on personal merit.

Meritocracy



The type of poverty that is life-threatening.

Absolute



The type of resources of some people compared to others who have more.

Relative



Social stratification is a trait of one of these that carries over from generation to generation.

Society

The term economists use for industries that produce raw materials

Primary

The term economists use for industries that process raw materials.

Secondary

The term economists use for industries that provide services.

Tertiary

Over time, the American economy shifted from labor-intensive industries to industries of this sort.

Capital-intensive

Ascribed statuses such as race and gender can be used to predict achieved statuses such as education and occupation.

Status Inconsistency

No society of this sort is a completely open meritocracy or a completely closed caste system.

Real

Some scholars consider this to be the biggest mistake our ancestors ever made because it led to gross inequality.

Horticultural Revolution

The growth of social inequality in human societies is closely linked to the growth of this.

Government

Prior to the industrial revolution, this and politics were intimately related.

Religion

This is the most striking characteristic of industrial societies

Productivity

It is not an accident that the 30 industrial societies with the highest per capita incomes all have this form of government.

Democratic Republic

The social institution that guides a society's decision-making process.

Politics

The social institution that organizes the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services.

Economy

The term used to refer to the inextricable intertwining of the political and economic systems of a society.

Political Economy

An economic system based on the concept of the primacy of private property.

Capitalism

The term used for the increasingly inter-dependent political-economies of the 200 plus sovereign nations of the world.

World system of societies.

Today's world economy is rooted in this process that began 500 years ago.

Colonization

The horticultural revolution was a process of this sort and was less revolution than centuries long "evolution".

Gradual

The shift from foraging from this led to an increase in the permanence of settlements as well as to larger and denser populations.

Horticulture

This gender often plays games that encourage cooperation and communication.

Girls

This gender favors games that have clear winners and losers.

Boys

Scripts of this sort are a society's shared beliefs concerning acceptable sexual thoughts, feelings, and behavior for each gender

Sexual

Sexual arousal is this

Physical

Sexual desire is this

Mental

The biological distinction between males and females

Sex

The personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being male and female.

Gender

A person's self awareness of his or her social status as a male or female

Gender Identity

An adult's self-awareness that he or she is a sexualized person with a specific sexual orientation

Sexual Identity

A person's romantic and emotional attraction to another person.

Sexual Orientation

Human sexuality is certainly shaped by society but it is just as certainly rooted in this

Biology

A person with sexually ambiguous genitalia

Intersexual

There may be a subtle but significant interaction between these and gendered behavior.

Hormones

A person whose biological sex and gender identity are misaligned

Transgendered

The division of the social world into male and female spheres

Gender polarization

This sort of love is a complex emotion that involves a biochemical reaction and is experienced by people in all societies

Romantic

Standards of these vary as an element of culture from one society to the next , but there are some cross-cultural universals that reflect our common evolutionary heritage.

Beauty

Attitudes and practices regarding sexuality are this both over time and from society to society.

Diverse

Margaret Mead's research on this in three New Guinae societies supports the conclusion that societies may define masculinity and femininity in various ways.

Gender

This sort of feminist accepts the basic organization of US society but seeks to expand the rights and opportunities for women

Liberal

The type of feminism that links social disadvantages of women to the capitalist economic system

Socialist

The type of feminism that seeks to end patriarchy by eliminating the idea of gender itself.

Radical

This sort of ceiling refers to the invisible yet real barrier that prevents many women and minorities from rising beyond middle-management positions

Glass

When men enter female dominated industry they ride to the top of the hierarchy

Glass elevator

The name for low prestige relatively low pay jobs with high concentrations of women workers

Pink collar

The male-female wage gap still exists but in recent years it has done this

Gotten smaller

In schools, most disciplinary involve this category of students

Boys



A society ruled by women

Matriarchy

A society ruled by men

Patriarchy

A society in which men and women are equal

Egalitarian

The widespread practice in some countries of selectively terminating a pregnancy based on the sex of the fetus to increase the odds of giving birth to a son

Gendercide



The process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture

Assimiliation

A pattern of race and ethnic relations in which different race and ethnic groups live together in harmony

Pluralism

The black-white achievement gap is a good example of this at the institutional level

Discrimination

Girls raised by lesbian mothers tend to aspire to careers that are this

Less traditional

Humans are all part of this

Single Biological Species

The recognized violation of cultural norms

Deviance

Behaviors considered this in one society may be the norm in others

Deviant

Deviance occurs here

All societies

The theory that assumes that criminals make a rational choice to commit a crime and that criminal behavior can only be controlled through the fear of criminal sanctions

Classical Criminology

Scientific theories of crime

Positivist

Psychological theories of crime

Normal

He suggested that lower-class youths form a delinquent subculture to gain self-respect

Cohen

He argues that delinquent subcultures are characterized by: trouble, toughness, smartness, a need for excitement, fatalism, and a desire for freedom

Miller

He explains that some young men decide to reject "decent" values and live by the street code

Anderson

Most people who commit crimes have this sort of personality

Normal

Boys raised by lesbian mothers tend to be less of this than boys raised by heterosexuals

Aggressive

The key to reducing domestic violence is to reduce this

Situational stress

In the US, as family income increases the share of children going to college does this

Goes up

New parents often experience this

Role conflict

Family relationships resulting from marriage

Conjugal kin

Family relationships based on blood relationships

Consanguinal Kin

The family that a person is born and raised in

Family of orientation

The family that a person establishes when he or she becomes a parent

Family of procreation

Norms that encourage individuals to marry outside of social categories

Exogamy

Norms that encourage individuals to marry within social categories

Endogamy

By definition, women experience this as they age. College level African American women are most affected by it

Marriage squeeze

In this type of descent system, children are considered to be descendants of both their mother's family and fathers family

Bilineal

Type of marriage in which one woman is married to two or more men

Polyandry

A type of marriage in which one man is married to two or more women

Polygyny

A marriage that unites one person to two or more spouses

Polygamy

They play an important role in African American families

Grandmothers

A couple that anticipate a pregnancy and is well-prepared in advance for their responsibilities as parents

Planners

A couple that accepts the news of an unplanned pregnancy with equinamity and makes the best of it

Acceptors of fate

A couple that is uncertain of what to do and is exploring options for unplanned pregnancy

Ambivalent

A couple that has a difference of opinion in what to do with unplanned pregnancy

Yes-no couple