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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy. |
Social Stratification |
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One's net worth or the total value of money and other assets minus debts. |
Net Worth |
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Earnings From Works Or Investments |
Income |
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Since 1980, this has been increasing among US families |
Income Inequality |
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Beingborn into a particular one of these affects a person’s life chances includinghow much schooling they receive and the quality of their schooling; theirhealth and even how long they will live; and the quality of the food they eatand the air they breathe. |
Social Class |
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Thestory of passenger deaths that accompanied the sinking of this ship shows thatwe’re not all in the same boat – social stratification is sometimes a matter oflife and death. |
Titanic |
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This sort of social mobility refers to changes in the social position of most everyone in society itself. |
Structural |
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Upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents. |
Intergenerational |
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A chance in social position occuring during a person's lifetime |
Intragenerational |
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A system of social stratification based upon both birth and individual merit. |
Class |
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Social stratification based on ascription or birth |
Caste |
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The stage of sociocultural evolution during which the intensity of social stratification peaked. |
Agragarian |
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The stage of sociocultural evolution during which human societies were most egalatirian. |
Foraging |
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Rather than"subjects" of their rulers, common people living in contemporary industrialized societies consider themselves to be these. |
Citizens |
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Social stratification based on personal merit. |
Meritocracy |
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The type of poverty that is life-threatening. |
Absolute |
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The type of resources of some people compared to others who have more. |
Relative |
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Social stratification is a trait of one of these that carries over from generation to generation. |
Society |
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The term economists use for industries that produce raw materials |
Primary |
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The term economists use for industries that process raw materials. |
Secondary |
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The term economists use for industries that provide services. |
Tertiary |
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Over time, the American economy shifted from labor-intensive industries to industries of this sort. |
Capital-intensive |
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Ascribed statuses such as race and gender can be used to predict achieved statuses such as education and occupation. |
Status Inconsistency |
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No society of this sort is a completely open meritocracy or a completely closed caste system. |
Real |
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Some scholars consider this to be the biggest mistake our ancestors ever made because it led to gross inequality. |
Horticultural Revolution |
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The growth of social inequality in human societies is closely linked to the growth of this. |
Government |
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Prior to the industrial revolution, this and politics were intimately related. |
Religion |
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This is the most striking characteristic of industrial societies |
Productivity |
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It is not an accident that the 30 industrial societies with the highest per capita incomes all have this form of government. |
Democratic Republic |
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The social institution that guides a society's decision-making process. |
Politics |
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The social institution that organizes the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services. |
Economy |
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The term used to refer to the inextricable intertwining of the political and economic systems of a society. |
Political Economy |
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An economic system based on the concept of the primacy of private property. |
Capitalism |
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The term used for the increasingly inter-dependent political-economies of the 200 plus sovereign nations of the world. |
World system of societies. |
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Today's world economy is rooted in this process that began 500 years ago. |
Colonization |
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The horticultural revolution was a process of this sort and was less revolution than centuries long "evolution". |
Gradual |
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The shift from foraging from this led to an increase in the permanence of settlements as well as to larger and denser populations. |
Horticulture |
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This gender often plays games that encourage cooperation and communication. |
Girls |
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This gender favors games that have clear winners and losers. |
Boys |
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Scripts of this sort are a society's shared beliefs concerning acceptable sexual thoughts, feelings, and behavior for each gender |
Sexual |
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Sexual arousal is this |
Physical |
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Sexual desire is this |
Mental |
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The biological distinction between males and females |
Sex |
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The personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being male and female. |
Gender |
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A person's self awareness of his or her social status as a male or female |
Gender Identity |
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An adult's self-awareness that he or she is a sexualized person with a specific sexual orientation |
Sexual Identity |
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A person's romantic and emotional attraction to another person. |
Sexual Orientation |
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Human sexuality is certainly shaped by society but it is just as certainly rooted in this |
Biology |
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A person with sexually ambiguous genitalia |
Intersexual |
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There may be a subtle but significant interaction between these and gendered behavior. |
Hormones |
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A person whose biological sex and gender identity are misaligned |
Transgendered |
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The division of the social world into male and female spheres |
Gender polarization |
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This sort of love is a complex emotion that involves a biochemical reaction and is experienced by people in all societies |
Romantic |
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Standards of these vary as an element of culture from one society to the next , but there are some cross-cultural universals that reflect our common evolutionary heritage. |
Beauty |
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Attitudes and practices regarding sexuality are this both over time and from society to society. |
Diverse |
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Margaret Mead's research on this in three New Guinae societies supports the conclusion that societies may define masculinity and femininity in various ways. |
Gender |
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This sort of feminist accepts the basic organization of US society but seeks to expand the rights and opportunities for women |
Liberal |
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The type of feminism that links social disadvantages of women to the capitalist economic system |
Socialist |
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The type of feminism that seeks to end patriarchy by eliminating the idea of gender itself. |
Radical |
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This sort of ceiling refers to the invisible yet real barrier that prevents many women and minorities from rising beyond middle-management positions |
Glass |
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When men enter female dominated industry they ride to the top of the hierarchy |
Glass elevator |
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The name for low prestige relatively low pay jobs with high concentrations of women workers |
Pink collar |
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The male-female wage gap still exists but in recent years it has done this |
Gotten smaller |
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In schools, most disciplinary involve this category of students |
Boys |
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A society ruled by women |
Matriarchy |
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A society ruled by men |
Patriarchy |
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A society in which men and women are equal |
Egalitarian |
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The widespread practice in some countries of selectively terminating a pregnancy based on the sex of the fetus to increase the odds of giving birth to a son |
Gendercide |
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The process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture |
Assimiliation |
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A pattern of race and ethnic relations in which different race and ethnic groups live together in harmony |
Pluralism |
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The black-white achievement gap is a good example of this at the institutional level |
Discrimination |
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Girls raised by lesbian mothers tend to aspire to careers that are this |
Less traditional |
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Humans are all part of this |
Single Biological Species |
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The recognized violation of cultural norms |
Deviance |
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Behaviors considered this in one society may be the norm in others |
Deviant |
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Deviance occurs here |
All societies |
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The theory that assumes that criminals make a rational choice to commit a crime and that criminal behavior can only be controlled through the fear of criminal sanctions |
Classical Criminology |
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Scientific theories of crime |
Positivist |
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Psychological theories of crime |
Normal |
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He suggested that lower-class youths form a delinquent subculture to gain self-respect |
Cohen |
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He argues that delinquent subcultures are characterized by: trouble, toughness, smartness, a need for excitement, fatalism, and a desire for freedom |
Miller |
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He explains that some young men decide to reject "decent" values and live by the street code |
Anderson |
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Most people who commit crimes have this sort of personality |
Normal |
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Boys raised by lesbian mothers tend to be less of this than boys raised by heterosexuals |
Aggressive |
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The key to reducing domestic violence is to reduce this |
Situational stress |
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In the US, as family income increases the share of children going to college does this |
Goes up |
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New parents often experience this |
Role conflict |
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Family relationships resulting from marriage |
Conjugal kin |
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Family relationships based on blood relationships |
Consanguinal Kin |
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The family that a person is born and raised in |
Family of orientation |
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The family that a person establishes when he or she becomes a parent |
Family of procreation |
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Norms that encourage individuals to marry outside of social categories |
Exogamy |
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Norms that encourage individuals to marry within social categories |
Endogamy |
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By definition, women experience this as they age. College level African American women are most affected by it |
Marriage squeeze |
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In this type of descent system, children are considered to be descendants of both their mother's family and fathers family |
Bilineal |
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Type of marriage in which one woman is married to two or more men |
Polyandry |
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A type of marriage in which one man is married to two or more women |
Polygyny |
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A marriage that unites one person to two or more spouses |
Polygamy |
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They play an important role in African American families |
Grandmothers |
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A couple that anticipate a pregnancy and is well-prepared in advance for their responsibilities as parents |
Planners |
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A couple that accepts the news of an unplanned pregnancy with equinamity and makes the best of it |
Acceptors of fate |
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A couple that is uncertain of what to do and is exploring options for unplanned pregnancy |
Ambivalent |
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A couple that has a difference of opinion in what to do with unplanned pregnancy |
Yes-no couple |