Intro Psych Test 3

Front 1

essentialism

Back 1

we do not focus on the superficial aspects of things
instead, we look deep, at history and origins
natural, universal, hard-wired, irresistible
This is why we get pleasure from art

Front 2

do we have to learn to see pictures?

Back 2

no: pre-modern cultures understand, also babies raised until 19 months without pictures understand correspondence to real life

Front 3

Do children understand intention?

Back 3

yes: lollipop vs balloon, self vs experimenter, spoon vs fork
not just resemblance

Front 4

what distinguishes art from other things? (eg Duchamp)

Back 4

intention
(study with 3 yrs, 5yrs, adult show splatter drawing, give story, intention matters)

Front 5

Why do we like art?

Back 5

gives pleasure when it mimics real-world, nice-to-look-at things (landscapes, attractive people etc) (eg Komar and Malamid, "Most Wanted Painting")
but also the history (we are essentialists)
value in the skill display that went into it (Marla Olmstead, kid painter)

Front 6

van Meegeren's "the supper at Emmaus"

Back 6

forgery makes it worthless

Front 7

circumstances matter (essentialism/art/life)

Back 7

sexually attracted (but only if they are the right age, not kin etc)
McDonalds wrapper tastes better
wine
George Clooney's sweater (but unwashed)

Front 8

would children replace a loved object for an exact duplicate?

Back 8

not really. usually love the "duplicate machine" (62% take duplicate toy normally), but if it is a beloved object, then reversed

Front 9

evolutionary advantage to essentialism?

Back 9

history of object matters (poisonous objects may look the same as inert ones)

Front 10

3 triplets of Freudian jargon

Back 10

Depth: conscious, pre-conscious (could become aware of it), unconscious (repressed)
structural: superego (not conscience), ego (conscious self), id (largely unconscious)
developmental: oral, anal, oedipal/phallic (latency, adult)

Front 11

oral stage

Back 11

baby is amoral, id, pleasure principle
feeding, breast/bottle
question: is the world a safe place? (if I cry, do they care?)

Front 12

reality principle

Back 12

you won't get everything you want
(after oral stage, development of ego)
I want the ball!
Brother's bigger than us and will beat us up.

Front 13

anal stage

Back 13

the big issue: who's in charge here?
crisis: toilet training (must do things when/where others want)
superego (thing above I): development of morality from outside, eg parent's voice

Front 14

oedipal/phallic stage

Back 14

big issues: what does it mean to be male/female? what does it mean to be me?
stage 1: love mom (milk!), dad's in the way. I hate dad
stage 2: Dad is big and could hurt me
stage 3: I actually like dad, leave girls alone for a while
latency!

Front 15

Why fairy tales?

Back 15

acceptable way to talk about things like the Oedipal stage (Bettleheim), hence similar across cultures
literacy/dumbed down defeats the purpose

Front 16

fairy tales and their stages

Back 16

hansel and gretel: oral stage
little red riding hood and jack and the beanstalk: early phallic/oedipal stage
Snow White: female oedipal stage
full male oedipal story: prince exiled by father, kills monster, gets princess, dad retires
full female oedipal story: animal groom stories (frog prince, beauty and the beast)

Front 17

opt-in vs opt-out

Back 17

organ donation
automatic enrollment in 401(k)
not rational!

Front 18

framing

Back 18

of 600: 200 saved vs 400 die

Front 19

prospect theory (Kahneman and Tversky)

Back 19

opposite of expected utility theory
loss aversion
less wiling to gamble when it comes to profits than you are with losses
(sadness of losing something is greater than the happiness you orig had in gaining it)

Front 20

endowment effect

Back 20

mug
people value a good or service more once their property right to it has been established

Front 21

sunk cost effect

Back 21

willingness to do something we wouldn't ordinarily because we already invested time/money/effort

Front 22

representativeness heuristic

Back 22

judgments of likelihood are based on the representativeness of events
people ignore base rate info
eg 30% vs 70% still choose engineer

Front 23

conjunction fallacy

Back 23

occurs when people mistakenly report that the conjunction of two events is more likely than one event alone
eg Linda the feminist bank teller

Front 24

availability heuristic

Back 24

estimates of frequency or probability are based on the ease with which they come to mind
eg. words that begin with "k" vs 3rd letter, amount of housework done

Front 25

McNaughton rule for insanity defense

Back 25

does indiv know the action was wrong?
(at the time of the act, the accused was laboring under such a defect of reason, from disease of the mind, as not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing, or not to know it was wrong)

Front 26

product rule (the Durham/New Hampshire test) for insanity defense

Back 26

is the crime the product of mental illness?

Front 27

what is mental illness?

Back 27

not just differing from avg, self-defined, behavior that leads to distress disability or increased risk of death pain or loss of freedom (Ghandi)
irresistable impulse: would you do it if a policeman were next to you?

Front 28

Andrea Yates' guilt

Back 28

(drowned 5 children)
yes: did not act crazy, planned carefully, understood actions (911), understood people would condemn it, relentlessly executed
no: post-partum depression/psychosis, taken off medication, loved children, delusion that she was saving them from the devil

Front 29

difference between evil and mental illness

Back 29

evil = malicious impulse
mentally ill = compelled

Front 30

evil

Back 30

intentionally behaving (or causing others to act) in ways that demean, dehumanize, harm or destroy innocent people

Front 31

factors that cause evil actions

Back 31

personal (perhaps biological: ventromedial prefrontal cortex, Phineas Gage)
situational (milgram, bobo doll)
systemic

Front 32

*ventromedial prefrontal cortex*

Back 32

important for moral reasoning
Phineas Gage
diminished capacity to respond to punishment, don't understand socially appropriate things

Front 33

somatic marker hypothesis

Back 33

maybe the ventromedial prefrontal cortex links perceptual representations with representations of their moral/soc sig

Front 34

antisocial personality disorders

Back 34

fail to conform to social norms, lack of remorse etc
11% reduction in prefrontal grey matter volume
eg. pedophile => remove tumor => not a pedophile

Front 35

factors that increase obedience to authority

Back 35

anonymity (maybe more for females?)
ideology (means justify ends)
small first step, increasing actions
compassionate leader => authoritarian leader
rules are vague/changing
provide social models of compliance
label the actors/actions positively ("teacher" "help")
allow verbal dissent, insist on behavioral compliance
make exit difficult

Front 36

polygraph

Back 36

principle: stress of lying will show in heart rate, breathing, perspiration, blood pressure
not reliable: not admissible in court, can trick it

Front 37

fMRI

Back 37

image thoughts (not physical reactions)
prefrontal cortex more active when lying (inhibition)
up to 88% accurate, still not admissible in court

Front 38

brain fingerprinting

Back 38

place at crime scene
place area response is higher for novel places than for seen places

Front 39

weapon focus

Back 39

(credibility of witnesses)
attention drawn to gun, rest is fuzzy (arousal narrows focus)

Front 40

evidence that memory is bad

Back 40

Ronald Cotton: id as rapist, exonerated by DNA after 11 yrs in prison
memory of high school (parents encourage you to be active in sports, helpfulness of religion, physical punishment as discipline)

Front 41

Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve

Back 41

most memory loss occurs in 1st hour
if it sticks to the next day, it'll stay for a bit

Front 42

4 of the 7 Sins of Memory (Schacter)

Back 42

transience: weakening of memory over time
misattribution: assigning memory to the wrong source
suggestibility: memory implanted as a result of leading questions, comments
bias: powerful influence of current state on memory of past

Front 43

combat transience

Back 43

repetition isn't effective
elaborative encoding (greatest number and types of connections) (level of processing)
emotional arousal
encoding specificity
timing (serial-order effect= primacy/recency) (spacing effect = don't cram, sleep!)

Front 44

flashbulb memories

Back 44

vivid memories of circumstances surrounding shocking or emotionally charged news
powerful and vivid, not accurate (only 30%, in OJ Simpson case)

Front 45

suggestibility in children

Back 45

Ceci: additional evidence beyond child's testimony is needed

Front 46

animal personalities (and their uses)

Back 46

alpha puppy will struggle against the chest
bold pumpkinseed fish (tendency to approach wire traps/potential threat)
--good at adapting to new tanks, swim off on their own, approach human observer, ate more crustaceans (tasty, but dangerous to get)
=riskier but opens up new resources

Front 47

personality

Back 47

general style of interacting with the world, especially with other people

Front 48

trait

Back 48

consistent, long-lasting tendency in behavior such as shyness, hostility, talkativeness

Front 49

state

Back 49

temporary activation of a particular behavior (context dependent)

Front 50

The Big 5 Theory

Back 50

neuroticism-stability: tendency to experience/express unpleasant emotions
extraversion-intraversion: seek stimulation and company
openness to experience-nonopenness: enjoy new intellectual experiences and ideas
agreeableness-antagonism: compassionate towards others
conscientiousness-undirectedness; self-discipline, dutiful, strive for achievement and competence
reliable and stable

Front 51

factors needed to explain politicians

Back 51

energy/innovation = energy + openness
honesty/truthfulness = agreeableness + conscientiousness + stability

Front 52

biological foundation of traits

Back 52

look at happy vs fearful faces = extraverts have a stronger reaction in amygdala to happy (control = fear)
moderately heritable (twins)

Front 53

personality as adaption

Back 53

diversified investment = max chances for survival
occupy dif niches = min competition

Front 54

gender differences in personality

Back 54

women: more agreeable, neurotic, conscientious

Front 55

self-efficacy

Back 55

expectation you can fulfill a task
higher self-efficacy predicts improvement in task (teacher's role?)

Front 56

rotter's locus of control

Back 56

internal: try to control their own fate,
more likely to take preventative health measures
succeed in weight-loss
seek info on how to protect themselves during a tornado warning

Front 57

finger length correlates to aggression

Back 57

shorter index relative to middle = more testosterone
(not like type-B, or Cosmo on body type)

Front 58

goal of personality work

Back 58

if you can describe a person you can predict their behavior from their traits

Front 59

emotional intelligence

Back 59

-perceiving and expressing emotion
-using emotion to facilitate thinking
-understanding emotions
-managing emotions

Front 60

MSCEIT

Back 60

gold-std of emotional intelligence tests
branch 1: Perceiving emotion: how much ____ is in this picture?
branch 2: using emotion: imagine surprise at b-day present: is it sweet, blue, cold?
branch 3: Understanding emotion: a feeling of contempt mostly combines____
branch 4: managing emotion
correct answer either through consensus or experts (high reliability between items, also w/ retests)

Front 61

evidence that emotional intelligence is useful

Back 61

workplace studies: fortune 400 insurance co:
-contribute to positive work environment, handle stress, leadership potential
-merit increases (bonus), company rank, some of salary

Front 62

why are Republicans happier than Democrats?

Back 62

-system-justification theory: conservatives happy with the system as is, also more comfortable with meritocracy
-error-related negativity: liberals have larger ERM (error response, also seen in OCD)
-more conscientious (cleaner rooms), less tolerant of ambiguity
-greater mortality salience

Front 63

mortality salience

Back 63

increased awareness of mortality changes response
eg: write essay on either death or pain (control)
conservatives more susceptible to death /terrorism (same reaction to pain as liberals)

Front 64

attribution

Back 64

a claim about the source of someone's behavior
internal = dispositional
external = situational

Front 65

Kelley's attribution theory

Back 65

distinctiveness of information: does this person behave this way in many other situations?
consistency information: does this person regularly behave this way in this situation?
consensus information: do many other people regularly behave this way in this situation?

Front 66

fundamental attribution error

Back 66

attribute actions to internal attributes in others and external attributes in oneself
(eg do poorly on a test)

Front 67

actor-observer discrepancy

Back 67

will rate a randomly selected questioner higher than answerer

Front 68

attitudes

Back 68

a like or dislike that influences our behavior toward a person or thing

Front 69

how are attitudes formed?

Back 69

classical conditioning
logical analysis (subject to Elaboration Likelihood Model)
heuristics
persuasion

Front 70

Elaboration Likelihood Model

Back 70

if it has low personal relevance, quality of argument doesn't matter as much as source
if high personal relevance, argument matters, doesn't matter the source

Front 71

persuasion heuristics

Back 71

lots of numbers/big words
phrased in terms of your values
famous, successful people (American actors in Japanese ads)
"because": allow stranger to cut in line
expensive price=quality

Front 72

how to persuade (change others' attitudes)

Back 72

cognitive dissonance
insufficient justification effect
reciprocity norm
foot-in-the-door technique
door-in-the-face
bait-and-switch
that's not all
scarcity
four walls technique

Front 73

cognitive dissonance

Back 73

unpleasant tension experienced when people hold contradictory attitudes or when behavior is inconsistent with attitudes
=> change either behavior or attitudes
insufficient justification effect, hazing

Front 74

insufficient justification effect

Back 74

entice people to do something with a minimal reward so they are acting voluntarily, they will change their attitudes to defend what they are doing, decrease cognitive dissonance
eg pegs, convince people for $1 or $20

Front 75

foot-in-the-door technique

Back 75

smaller sign or petition, then larger sign
(do not combine with reciprocity norm)

Front 76

door-in-the-face technique

Back 76

set amount unreasonably high, when it is refused, ask for something more reasonable
eg. funding, volunteer with youth

Front 77

bait-and-switch technique

Back 77

invest in doing something, then pushed into something else

Front 78

four walls technique

Back 78

"Do you care about the environment?"

Front 79

reciprocity norm

Back 79

eg. charities give personalized address labels so that you are more likely to give $
(do not combine with foot-in-the-door)

Front 80

responsibility for the obesity epidemic

Back 80

individual, biology, but mostly environment
poor foods available (low cost, high sugar/fat, good taste) + declining physical activity

Front 81

why do we overeat?

Back 81

biological need to store energy (beyond immediate needs)
hard-wired preferences (sugar, fat, variety)
hunger in the presence of food + ubiquitous access to food

Front 82

anorexa nervosa

Back 82

unwillingness to maintain normal, healthy weight, distortion of body image, extremely disturbed eating behavior
affected by culture, social networks (rise in the '70s, only developed countries, middle to upper class women)

Front 83

are people altruistic?

Back 83

reciprocal altruism (receive social benefits)
warm glow : in the ventral striatum

Front 84

is morality rational?

Back 84

flip a switch or push a man off a bridge to save 5 lives
-first is utilitarian rational
-second is emotional (areas of brain associated with emotions become activated)

Front 85

group think

Back 85

strive for cohesive ingroup at expense of results

Front 86

social loafing

Back 86

tend to loaf when sharing with others if you think you can get away with it

Front 87

benefits to green environment

Back 87

kids with ADHD who went on a nature walk
college students: new haven vs West rock = improved mood and working memory
Cabrini Green: effect of view of trees vs parking lots on families

Front 88

language

Back 88

a system for communicating with others using signals that convey meaning and are combined according to rules of grammar

Front 89

phoneme

Back 89

the smallest unit of sound that is recognizable as speech rather than random noise

Front 90

phonological rules

Back 90

a set of rules that indicate how phonemes can be combined to produce speech sounds

Front 91

morphemes

Back 91

the smallest meaningful units of language

Front 92

grammar

Back 92

a set of rules that indicate how morphemes can be combined to form words

Front 93

syntactical rules

Back 93

a set of rules that indicate how words can be combined to form phrases and sentences

Front 94

deep structure

Back 94

the meaning of a sentence

Front 95

surface structure

Back 95

how a sentence is worded

Front 96

fast mapping

Back 96

the fact that children can map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure

Front 97

telegraphic speech

Back 97

speech that is devoid of function morphemes and consists mostly of content words

Front 98

nativist theory

Back 98

the view that language development is best explained as an innate, biological capacity

Front 99

language acquisition device (LAD)

Back 99

a collection of processes that facilitate language learning

Front 100

genetic dysphasia

Back 100

a syndrome characterized by an inability to learn the grammatical structure of language despite having otherwise normal intelligence (eg wug test)

Front 101

aphasia

Back 101

difficulty in producing or comprehending language (Wernicke's area = grammatical but meaningless, Broca's area= meaning but grammarless)

Front 102

linguistic relativity hypothesis

Back 102

the proposal that language shapes the nature of thought

Front 103

concept

Back 103

mental representation that groups or categorizes shared features of related objects, events or other stimuli

Front 104

category-specific deficit

Back 104

a neurological syndrome that is characterized by an inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category while leaving the ability to recognize objects outside the category undisturbed

Front 105

family resemblance theory

Back 105

members of a category have features that appear to be characteristic of category members but may not be possessed by every member

Front 106

prototype

Back 106

the "best" or "most typical" member of a category (possesses all, or most of the characteristic features of the category) (visual cortex)

Front 107

exemplar theory

Back 107

argues that we make category judgments by comparing anew instance with stored memories for other instances of the category (vs. prototype theory) (prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia)

Front 108

rational choice theory

Back 108

we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and then multiplying the two (not how we actually think)

Front 109

we judge ____ best

Back 109

frequency, not probability

Front 110

availability bias

Back 110

items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently

Front 111

heuristics

Back 111

fast and efficient strategies that may facilitate decision making but do not guarantee that a solution will be reached

Front 112

algorithm

Back 112

well-defined sequence of procedures or rules that guarantees a solution to a problem

Front 113

conjunction fallacy

Back 113

people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event (eg linda the feminist bank teller)

Front 114

representativeness heuristic

Back 114

making a probability judgment by comparing an object or event to a prototype of the object or event (eg 70 engineers, 30 lawyers [1 cup])

Front 115

framing effects

Back 115

people give different answers to the same problem depending on how it is phrased (70% effective drug)

Front 116

sunk-cost fallacy

Back 116

people make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation

Front 117

prospect theory

Back 117

people choose to take on risk when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains (asymmetry in risk preferences

Front 118

frequency format hypothesis

Back 118

our minds evolved to notice how frequently things occur, not how likely they are to occur

Front 119

ill-defined problem

Back 119

much more difficult to confront, most frequent

Front 120

means-end analysis

Back 120

process of searching for the means or steps to reduce the differences between the current situation and the desired goal (1. analyze goal state, 2. analyze current state 3. list differences btwn the two 4. reduce list of differences by direct means, generating a subgoal and/or finding a similar problem w/ a known solution)

Front 121

analogical problem solving

Back 121

solve a problem by finding a similar problem with a known solution and applying that solution to the current problem (storm a castle=destroy a tumor)

Front 122

insight

Back 122

not totally out of the blue, just beneath consciousness, building strength (eg. strawberry, traffic = jam)

Front 123

functional fixedness

Back 123

the tendency to perceive the functions of objects as fixed (matchbox as candle holder)

Front 124

reasoning

Back 124

mental activity that consists of organizing information or beliefs into a series of steps to reach conclusions (building a house, logic is carpenter's tools)

Front 125

practical reasoning

Back 125

figuring out what to do, or reasoning directed toward action

Front 126

theoretical reasoning

Back 126

reasoning directed toward arriving at a belief

Front 127

belief bias

Back 127

people's judgments about whether to accept conclusions depend more on how believable the conclusions are than on whether the arguments are logically valid

Front 128

psychotherapy

Back 128

an interaction between a therapist and someone suffering from a psychological problem, with the goal of providing support or relief from the problem

Front 129

psychodynamic psychotherapies

Back 129

explore childhood events and encourage individuals to use this understanding to develop insight into their psychological problems

Front 130

Freudian psychoanalysis

Back 130

develop insight through free association, dream analysis, interpretation and the analysis of resistance

Front 131

resistance

Back 131

a reluctance to cooperate with treatment for fear of confronting unpleasant unconscious material

Front 132

transference

Back 132

when the analyst begins to assume a major significance in the client's life and the client reacts to the analyst based on unconscious childhood fantasies

Front 133

interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)

Back 133

a form of psychotherapy that focuses on helping clients improve current relationships

Front 134

behavior therapy

Back 134

disordered behavior is learned and symptom relief is achieved through changing overt maladaptive behaviors into more constructive behaviors

Front 135

A-B-C

Back 135

antecendent-behavior consequence, which behavioral therapists claim can explain and solve unwanted behavior

Front 136

aversion therapy

Back 136

using positive punishment to reduce the frequency of an undesirable behavior (disulfiram for alcoholism), short term solution

Front 137

token economy

Back 137

giving clients "tokens" for desired behaviors, which they can later trade for rewards (usually stops when tokens stop)

Front 138

exposure therapy

Back 138

confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in the emotional response

Front 139

systematic desensitization

Back 139

a procedure in which a client relaxes all the muscles of his or her body while imagining being in increasingly frightening situations (now often don't use relaxation, and use in vivo exposure rather than imagination)

Front 140

cognitive therapy

Back 140

helping a client identify and correct any distorted thinking about self, others, or the world

Front 141

cognitive restructuring

Back 141

teaching clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs

Front 142

mindfulness meditation

Back 142

teaches an individual to be fully present in each moment

Front 143

cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

Back 143

blend of cognitive and behavioral therapeutic strategies--prob focus and action orientation, structured sessions, transparent, flexible (like school)

Front 144

person-centered therapy (client-centered therapy)

Back 144

assumes that all individuals have a tendency toward growth and that this growth can be facilitated by acceptance adn genuine reactions from the therapist (nondirective, congruence, empathy, unconditional positive regard)

Front 145

gestalt therapy

Back 145

goal of helping the client become aware of his or her thoughts, behaviors, experiences and feelings and to 'own' or take responsibility for them--focusing (on the present), empty chair technique

Front 146

antipsychotic drugs

Back 146

treat schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders (began with antihistamines) (can lead to tardive dyskinesia)

Front 147

psychopharmacology

Back 147

the study of drug effects on psychological states and symptoms

Front 148

antianxiety medications

Back 148

drugs that help reduce a person's experience of fear or anxiety (facilitate GABA, usually bensodiazepines) ---quick-acting, but withdrawal, tolerance

Front 149

antidepressants

Back 149

class of drugs that help lift people's mood --monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) (first used, tb treatment, dizziness and loss of sex drive etc), tricyclic antidepressants (side effects), or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

Front 150

medication and/or therapy

Back 150

probably about as effective

Front 151

psychiatrist

Back 151

can prescribe medication (went to med school) (psychologists do psychotherapy except in New Mexico)

Front 152

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Back 152

a treatment that involves inducing a mild seizure by delivering an electrical shock to the brain (usually depression, now done with muscle relaxants)

Front 153

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Back 153

a treatment that involves placing a powerful pulsed magnet over a person's scalp, which alters neuronal activity in the brain (treat depression, side effects less than shocks, just mild headache + risk of seizure)

Front 154

phototherapy

Back 154

a therapy that involves repeated exposure to bright light (SAD)

Front 155

psychosurgery

Back 155

the surgical destruction of specific brian areas (OCD, violent behaviors)

Front 156

placebo

Back 156

inert substance or procedure that has been applied with the expectation that a healing response will be produced

Front 157

iatrogenic illness

Back 157

a disorder or symptom that occurs as a result of a medical or psychotherapeutic treatment

Front 158

memory

Back 158

the ability to store and retrieve information over time

Front 159

encoding

Back 159

the process by which we transform what we perceive, think or feel into an enduring memory

Front 160

storage

Back 160

the process of maintaining information in memory over time

Front 161

retrieval

Back 161

the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored

Front 162

elaborative encoding

Back 162

the process of actively relating new information to knowledge that is already in memory (semantic judgments better than rhyme or visual)

Front 163

visual imagery encoding

Back 163

the process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures (Simonides)

Front 164

organizational encoding

Back 164

noticing the relationships among a series of items

Front 165

memory storage

Back 165

the process of maintaining information in memory over time

Front 166

sensory memory store

Back 166

the place in which sensory information is kept for a few seconds or less (iconic=visual, echoic= auditory)

Front 167

short-term memory store

Back 167

a place where nonsensory information is kept for more than a few seconds but less than a minute (can hold 7 meaningful items)

Front 168

rehearsal

Back 168

the process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it

Front 169

chunking

Back 169

combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks (to keep in short-term memory)

Front 170

working memory

Back 170

active maintenance of information in short-term storage (lets info i and out)

Front 171

long-term memory store

Back 171

a place in which information can be kept for hours, days, weeks or years

Front 172

anterograde amnesia

Back 172

an inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store

Front 173

retrograde amnesia

Back 173

the inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation

Front 174

hippocampus and memory

Back 174

it brings together the scattered aspects of memory, to form a coherent one, also transition to long term memory

Front 175

long-term potentiation (LTP)

Back 175

enhanced neural processing that results from the strengthening of synaptic connections

Front 176

NMDA Receptor

Back 176

a hippocampal receptor site that influences the flow of information from one neuron to another across the synapse by controlling the initiation of long-term potentiation

Front 177

retrieval cue

Back 177

external information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind

Front 178

encoding specificity principle

Back 178

the idea that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps re-create the specific way in which information was initially encoded

Front 179

state-dependent retrieval

Back 179

the tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval

Front 180

transfer-appropriate processing

Back 180

the idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when we process information in a way that is appropriate to the retrieval cues that will be available later

Front 181

explicit memory

Back 181

when people consciously or intentionally retrieve past experiments

Front 182

implicit memory

Back 182

past experiences influence later behavior and performance, even though people are not trying to recollect them and are not aware that they are remembering them

Front 183

procedural memory

Back 183

the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or "knowing how" to do things

Front 184

priming

Back 184

enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of recent exposure to the stimulus (moon => Tide detergent) (doesn't involve the hippocampus, reduces activity in the cortex)

Front 185

semantic memory

Back 185

a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world (hippocampus is not necessary)

Front 186

episodic memory

Back 186

the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

Front 187

7 sins of memory

Back 187

transience, absentmindedness, blocking, memory misattribution, suggestibility, bias, and persistence

Front 188

transience

Back 188

forgetting what occurs with the passage of time

Front 189

retroactive interference

Back 189

later learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier (over-written)

Front 190

proactive interference

Back 190

earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later (where's my car?)

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absentmindedness

Back 191

lapse in attention that results in memory failure (usually b/c of divided attention, less activity in lower left frontal lobe)

Front 192

prospective memory

Back 192

remembering to do things in the future (early reminder isn't helpful)

Front 193

blocking

Back 193

failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it

Front 194

tip-of-the-tongue experience

Back 194

temporary inability to retrieve information that is stored in memory, accompanied by the feeling that you are on the verge of recovering the information (blocking)

Front 195

memory misattribution

Back 195

assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source (John Doe 2 at elliott's body shop, oklahoma city, mcveigh)

Front 196

source memory

Back 196

recall of when, where and how information was acquired

Front 197

false recognition

Back 197

a feeling of familiarity about something that hasn't been encountered before (needle, sweet) (greater activity for true than false recognition)

Front 198

suggestibility

Back 198

tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections (el al cargo plane, stop/yield sign, false memories of abuse/childhood)

Front 199

bias

Back 199

the distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs and feelings on recollection of previous experiences (Bush supporters overestimate happiness 4 months later) (consistency=altering past to fit the present, change=exaggerate difference btwn present and past, egocentric=distort to make us look better)

Front 200

persistence

Back 200

the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget (emotion helps focus memory, amygdala releases stress hormones which also enhance memory)

Front 201

flashblulb memories

Back 201

detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events (not always accurate, but better than other mundane news, eg 9/11

Front 202

personality

Back 202

an individual's characteristic style of behaving, thinking and feeling

Front 203

self-report

Back 203

a series of answers to a questionnaire that asks people to indicate the extent to which sets of statements or adjectives accurately describe their own behavior or mental state

Front 204

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Back 204

a well-researched, clinical questionnaire used to assess personality and psychological problems (true/false/cannot say, 10 characteristics, has a validity scale, shows personality difficulties)

Front 205

projective techniques

Back 205

a standard series of ambiguous stimuli designed to elicit unique responses that reveal inner aspects of an individual's personality (eg cloud watching, rorschach)

Front 206

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Back 206

a projective personality test in which individual interpretations of the meaning of a set of unstructured inkblots are analyzed to identify a respondent's inner feelings and interpret his/her personality structure (what/content, where/location, why/determinants) (losing validity b/c depends on interpretation, not predictive enought)

Front 207

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Back 207

a projective personality test in which respondents reveal underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world through the stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of people (usually 10 cards)

Front 208

trait

Back 208

a relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way

Front 209

factor analysis

Back 209

people rate themselves on various characteristics, then analyze data for correspondence between factors

Front 210

The Big Five

Back 210

conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness to experience, and extraversion (evidence = not overlapping, emerged across cultures/ages, predict actions)

Front 211

genetic personality

Back 211

half is genetic (twin study, even twins reared apart are very similar)

Front 212

traits in the brain

Back 212

reticular formation may need more stimulation in extraverts, behavioral activations system (BAS) anticipates reward, behavioral inhibition system (BIS) inhibits for punishment

Front 213

psychodynamic approach

Back 213

personality is formed by needs, strivings, and desires largely operating outside of awareness--motives that can produce emotional disorders (Freud! see in Freudian slips) (id, superego, ego governed by anxiety, repression)

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dynamic unconscious

Back 214

an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person's deepest instincts and desires, and the person's inner struggle to control these forces

Front 215

id

Back 215

the part of the mind containing the drives present at birth, the source of our bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses, particularly our sexual and aggressive drives (pleasure principle)

Front 216

pleasure principle

Back 216

the psychic force that motivates the tendency to seek immediate gratification of any impulse

Front 217

ego

Back 217

the component of personality, developed through contact with the external world, that enables us to deal with life's practical demands (reality principle) (self, logical thought etc)

Front 218

reality principle

Back 218

the regulating mechanism that enables the individual to delay gratifying immediate needs and function effectively in the real world

Front 219

superego

Back 219

the mental system that reflects the internalization of cultural rules, mainly learned as parents exercise their authority

Front 220

defense mechanisms

Back 220

unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses (rationalization, reaction formation, projection, regression, displacement, identification, sublimation)

Front 221

Rationalization

Back 221

a defense mechanism that involves supplying a reasonable-sounding explanation for unacceptable feelings and behavior to conceal (mostly from oneself) one's underlying motives or feelings (quit class after fail exam, but b/c poor ventilation)

Front 222

reaction formation

Back 222

defense mechanism that involves unconsciously replacing threatening inner wishes and fantasies with an exaggerated version of their opposite (nice to someone you dislike, cold to a crush, homophobia)

Front 223

projection

Back 223

defense mechanims that involves attributing one's own threatening feelings, motives or impulses to another person or group (misery loves company)

Front 224

regression

Back 224

a defense mechanism in which the ego deals with internal conflict and perceived threat by reverting to an immature behavior or earlier stage of development (baby talk, whining etc)

Front 225

displacement

Back 225

a defense mechanism that involves shifting unacceptable wishes or drives to a neutral or less threatening alternative (eg slamming a door)

Front 226

identification

Back 226

a defense mechanism that helps deal with feelings of threat and anxiety by enabling us unconsciously to take on the characteristics of another person who seems more powerful or better able to cope (id with the aggressor)

Front 227

sublimation

Back 227

a defense mechanism that involves channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive drives into socially acceptable and culturally enhancing activities (eg contact sports)

Front 228

psychosexual stages

Back 228

distinct early life stages through which personality is formed as children experience sexual pleasures from specific body areas and caregivers redirect or interfere with those pleasures (freud. mostly discredited, but interesting)

Front 229

fixation

Back 229

a phenomenon in which a person's pleasure-seeking drives become psychologically stuck or arrested at a particular psychosexual stage

Front 230

oral stage

Back 230

first psychosexual stage in which experience centers on the pleasures and frustrations associated with the mouth, sucking and being fed

Front 231

anal stage

Back 231

the second psychosexual stage, which is dominated by the pleasures and frustrations associated with the anus, retention and expulsion of feces and urine, and toilet training

Front 232

phallic stage

Back 232

the third psychosexual stage, during which experience is dominated by the pleasure, conflict and frustration associated with the phallic-genital region as well as powerful incestuous feelings of love, hate, jealousy and conflict

Front 233

oedipus conflict

Back 233

a developmental experience in which a child's conflicting feelings toward the opposite-sex parent is (usually) resolved by identifying with the same-sex parent (oh freud)

Front 234

latency stage

Back 234

the fourth psychosexual stage in which the primary focus is on the further development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills

Front 235

genital stage

Back 235

the final psychosexual stage, a time for the coming together of the mature adult personality with a capacity to love, work and relate to others in a mutually satisfying and reciprocal manner

Front 236

self-actualizing tendency

Back 236

the human motive toward realizing our inner potential (humanist's main factor of personality)

Front 237

unconditional positive regard

Back 237

an attitude of nonjudgmental acceptance toward another person (humanist Carl Rogers)

Front 238

existential approach

Back 238

a school of thought that regards personality as governed by an individual's ongoing choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death (angst)

Front 239

mortality salience

Back 239

existential idea about reaction to reminder of mortality, usually devote themselves to upholding the values and stds of their culture or families

Front 240

social cognitive approach

Back 240

views personality in terms of how the person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them

Front 241

person-situation controversy

Back 241

the question of whether behavior is caused more by personality or by situational factors

Front 242

personal constructs

Back 242

dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences (eg clown = fun, tragic figure, terrifying)

Front 243

outcome expectancies

Back 243

a person's assumptions about the likely consequences of a future behavior (eg if I am friendly toward people, they will be friendly in return)

Front 244

locus of control

Back 244

a person's tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment

Front 245

self-concept

Back 245

a person's explicit knowledge of his or her own behaviors, traits and other personal characteristics (eg physical characteristics, personality traits, activities, socila roles) (narratives about our lives=episodic, and traits=semantic)

Front 246

self-relevance and memory

Back 246

making judgments about the trait self-concept is accompanied by activation of the medial prefrontal cortex, more strongly and quicker for self than for others

Front 247

self-schemas

Back 247

Markus, what do we see as our own key traits, much stronger ingrained than narrative

Front 248

self-verification

Back 248

the tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self-concept

Front 249

self-esteem

Back 249

the extent to which an individual likes, values and accepts the self (good to have, although not paramount, eg stress coping, happier/healthier life, persist at difficult tasks)

Front 250

self-serving bias

Back 250

people's tendency to take credit for their successes but downplay responsibility for their failures

Front 251

narcissism

Back 251

a trait that reflects a grandiose view of the self, combined with a tendency to seek admiration from and exploit others

Front 252

multi-dimensional scaling

Back 252

people can't describe emotions, so describe how close they are to other feelings

Front 253

emotion

Back 253

positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity

Front 254

James-Lange Theory

Back 254

a theory about the relationship between the emotional experience and physiological activity suggesting that stimuli trigger activity in the autonomic nervous system, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain

Front 255

Cannon-Bard Theory

Back 255

a theory about the relationship between emotional experience and physiological activity suggesting that a stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the autonomic nervous system and emotional experience in the brain

Front 256

two-factor theory

Back 256

a theory about the relationship between emotional experience and physiological activity suggesting that emotions are inferences about the causes of undifferentiated physiological arousal

Front 257

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome (temporal lobe syndrome)

Back 257

taking out the temporal lobe causes animals to lack fear, have sex with anything (because it damaged the limbic system, responsible for emotions)

Front 258

appraisal

Back 258

an evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus (done by the amygdala, happens through two paths very quickly to amygdala, and slowly through the cortex then to the amygdala)

Front 259

emotion regulation

Back 259

the use of cognitive and behavioral strategies to influence one's emotional experience

Front 260

reappraisal

Back 260

a strategy that involves changing one's emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotion-eliciting stimulus (circumcision as a joyous religious ritual)

Front 261

emotional expression

Back 261

an observable sign of an emotional state

Front 262

affective forecasting

Back 262

the process by which people predict their emotional reactions to future events (we're bad at it, overestimate good, underestimate bad, stronger reactions to events we don't understand)

Front 263

universality hypothesis

Back 263

the hypothesis that emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone (blind people smile, across cultures people recognize facial expressions)

Front 264

symbols vs signs

Back 264

words are symbols

Front 265

facial feedback hypothesis

Back 265

emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify (contract zygomatic major = happier)

Front 266

display rules

Back 266

norms for the control of emotional expression (intensification, deintensification, masking, neutralizing)

Front 267

ways to tell false expressions

Back 267

morphology (eg crinkle in the corner of the eye for a real smile), symmetry, duration (.5-5sec), temporal patterning (appear/disappear smoothly)

Front 268

motivation

Back 268

the purpose for or cause of an action (need emotions to decide things)

Front 269

hedonic principle

Back 269

the notion that all people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain

Front 270

homeostasis

Back 270

the tendency for a system to take action to keep itself in a particular state

Front 271

drive

Back 271

an internal state (signal to take corrective action) generated by departures from physiological optimality

Front 272

hunger

Back 272

probably different types (eg. just protein), ghrelin = orexigenic signal for hunger (lateral hypothalamus), leptin= anorexigenic signal for satiety (ventromedial hypothalamus)

Front 273

metabolism

Back 273

the rate at which energy is used

Front 274

dihydroepiandosterone (DHEA)

Back 274

hormone involved in the initial onset of sexual desire (starts affecting around age 10)

Front 275

human sexual response cycle

Back 275

the stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity (excitement, plateau phase, orgasm, resolution phase, possible refractory period)

Front 276

extrinsic motivation

Back 276

a motivation to take actions that lead to reward (eg floss, get money)

Front 277

intrinsic motivation

Back 277

a motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding (eg eat a french fry, listen to music (can be undermined by extrinsic motivation, threats can make it more desirable

Front 278

conscious motivation

Back 278

motivation of which one is aware (as opposed to unconscious)

Front 279

need for achievement

Back 279

the motivation to solve worthwhile problems

Front 280

approach/avoidance motivation

Back 280

a motivation to experience a positive outcome (not experience a negative outcome), avoidance stronger than approach in most people

Front 281

attributions

Back 281

inferences about the causes of people's behaviors (situational or dispositional based on regularity, generality, typicality)

Front 282

correspondence bias (fundamental attribution error)

Back 282

the tendency to make a dispositional attribution even when a person's behavior was caused by the situation (situational causes are usually invisible, more difficult to use)

Front 283

actor-observer effect

Back 283

the tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviors while making dispositional attribution for the identical behavior of others

Front 284

social influence

Back 284

the control of one person's behavior by another (usually use the fact that people have hedonic, approval and accuracy motives)

Front 285

observational learning

Back 285

the process of learning by observing others being rewarded and punished (even 1-yr old children will avoid a toy if unfamiliar woman on tv looks unhappy when looking at it)

Front 286

norms

Back 286

customary standards for behavior that are widely shared by members of a culture (eg in an elevator)

Front 287

normative influence

Back 287

one person's behavior is influenced by another person's behavior because the latter provides information about what is appropriate

Front 288

norm of reciprocity

Back 288

the unwritten rule that people should benefit those who have benefited them

Front 289

door-in-the-face technique

Back 289

a strategy that uses reciprocating concessions to influence behavior (50% vs 17% volunteer to go on field trip if asked to spend time at youth detention center first)

Front 290

conformity

Back 290

tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it (Asch's line experiment, 75% answer at least once in a conforming way)

Front 291

obedience

Back 291

the tendency to do what authorities tell us to do simply because they tell us to do it (Milgram

Front 292

attitude

Back 292

an enduring positive or negative evaluation of an object or event

Front 293

belief

Back 293

an enduring piece of knowledge about an object or event

Front 294

informational influence

Back 294

when a person's behavior is influenced by another person's behavior because the latter provides information about what is good or true (laugh tracks, waive cover charge early in the night)

Front 295

persuasion

Back 295

a person's attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person (eg presidential candidates)

Front 296

systematic persuasion

Back 296

a change in attitudes or beliefs that is brought about by appeals to reason (what politicians say they will do, better when the issue will directly affect you)

Front 297

heuristic persuasion

Back 297

a change in attitudes or beliefs that is brought about by appeals to habit or emotion (what politicians actually do, better when the issue is more peripheral)

Front 298

foot-in-the-door technique

Back 298

a strategy that uses a person's desire for consistency to influence that person's behavior (more likely to put up a "Drive Carefully" sign after signing petition)

Front 299

cognitive dissonance

Back 299

an unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of his or her actions, attitudes or beliefs (although small inconsistencies can be justified by large consistencies, eg social norm to be nice to friend makes lying about haircut okay)

Front 300

aggression

Back 300

behavior whose purpose is to harm another

Front 301

frustration-aggression principle

Back 301

people aggress when their goals are thwarted

Front 302

cooperation

Back 302

a behavior by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit (tricky, eg Prisoner's dilemma)

Front 303

altruism

Back 303

behavior that benefits another without benefiting oneself

Front 304

kin selection

Back 304

the process by which evolution selects for genes that cause individuals to provide benefits to their relatives

Front 305

reciprocal altruism

Back 305

behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future (more like extended cooperation)

Front 306

group

Back 306

a collection of two or more people who believe they have something in common

Front 307

prejudice

Back 307

a positive or negative evaluation of another person based on their group membership

Front 308

discrimination

Back 308

positive or negative behavior toward another person based on their group membership (in favor of people in your groups)

Front 309

in-group/out-group

Back 309

a human category of which a person is/isn't a member

Front 310

deindividuation

Back 310

when immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values

Front 311

social loafing

Back 311

people expend less effort when in a group than alone

Front 312

bystander intervention

Back 312

the act of helping strangers in an emergency situation

Front 313

diffusion of responsibility

Back 313

individuals feel diminished responsibility for their actions because they are surrounded by others who are acting in the same way (Kitty Genovese's murder)

Front 314

group polarization

Back 314

the tendency for a group's initial leaning to get stronger over time

Front 315

groupthink hypothesis

Back 315

group members are more concerned with preserving group cohesiveness than with the best idea