Intro. Psych. Ch. 12

Front 1

The initial learning of a stimulus-response pattern in response to reinforcement.

Back 1

acquisition

Front 2

The process in which several related responses are learned through operant coditioning.

Back 2

chaining

Front 3

Type of learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus is paired with one that elicits an automatic response; over time, the neutral stimulus comes to elicit the automoatic response by itself as the person learns the association.

Back 3

classical conditioning

Front 4

The learned response that an organism exhibits in response to a conditioned stimulus.

Back 4

conditioned response (CR)

Front 5

A neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus so that it will eventually come to produce the same response as that stimulus.

Back 5

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Front 6

The provision of reinforcement every time a desired behavior is performed.

Back 6

continuous reinforcement

Front 7

The process by which an individual distinguishes between slightly different stimuli & responds to one but not the other.

Back 7

discrimination

Front 8

The gradual breaking of the stimulus-response pattern due to lack of reinforcement.

Back 8

extinction

Front 9

Schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a specific period of time.

Back 9

fixed-interval schedule

Front 10

Schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a specific number of responses.

Back 10

fixed-ratio schedule

Front 11

The expanding of a stimulus-response pattern to include stimuli that are similar to the initial stimulus

Back 11

generalization

Front 12

A simple form of learning that arises from repeated exposure to a stimulus.

Back 12

habituation

Front 13

A form of learning in which one gains a sudden understanding of the relationship between various parts of a problem or situation.

Back 13

insight

Front 14

Phenomenon that occurs when an animal reverts back to its biological predisposed pattterns after learning patterns that are not naturally adopted behaviors.

Back 14

instinctive drift

Front 15

A reinforcement schedule in which desired behavior is not reinfoced every time it is performed.

Back 15

intermittent reinforcement

Front 16

Reinforcement schedules in which reinforcement is applied after a certain amount of time.

Back 16

interval schedules

Front 17

A durable change in behavior that results from experience.

Back 17

learning

Front 18

The ability to learn determined by age-related mental & physical skills.

Back 18

maturation

Front 19

Learning by observing and imitating anothers's behavior.

Back 19

modeling

Front 20

Type of operant conditioning in which the removal of an adverse stimulus increases the likelihood that an individual will repeat a behavior.

Back 20

negative reinforcement

Front 21

Type of learning that involves associating behaviors with their consequences & perceiving these consequences as either punishmentss or as rewards.

Back 21

operant conditioning

Front 22

Type of operant conditioning in which a reward is used to increase the likelihood that an individual will repeat a behavior.

Back 22

positive reinforcement

Front 23

Type of operant conditioning in which the application of an adverse stimulus decreases the likelihood that an individual will repeat a behavior.

Back 23

punishment

Front 24

Reinforcement schedules in which an individual receives reinforcement based on the number of times a certain behavior is performed.

Back 24

ratio schedules

Front 25

A change that occurs in the environment following a behavior & increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated.

Back 25

reinforcer

Front 26

The process of gradually guiding an individual's natural behavior toward the behavior that one is trying to teach through reinforcement that rewards a change from the natural behavior toward the desired end behavior.

Back 26

shaping

Front 27

The process of reinforcing an individual for engaging in behaviors that are increasingly similar to a desired behavior.

Back 27

successive approximation

Front 28

An unconditioned activated, innate response.

Back 28

unconditioned response (UR)

Front 29

A stimulus that always triggers a natural biological process.

Back 29

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Front 30

Schedule in which reinforcement is provided after varying time periods.

Back 30

variable-interval schedule

Front 31

Schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fluctuating number of responses

Back 31

variable-ratio schedule

Front 32

Reinforcement schedules in which reinforcement is provided after differing amounts of time or numbers of behaviors.

Back 32

variable schedules