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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is pharmacology?
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the study of drugs, medicines
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What does off-label mean?
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a drug that is prescribed/used for a purpose there than what is has been officially approved for.
Once a drug is approved for any reason, it can be used for any reason. |
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Pharmacogenetics
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the study of the effects of drug response due to genetic or hereditary factors
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agonist drugs
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drugs that stimulate a receptor(s) to produce a response
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antigonist drugs
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drugs that block a receptor(s) , preventing something else from binding & acting on receptor thereby blocking any response
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Therapeutic effect
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what we want the drug to do.
Ex. Benadryl. If you take if for allergies and your sneezing & watery eyes go away-that is the therapeutic effect. If it makes you drowsy, that is a side effect. |
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Pharmacokinetics
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Drug must 1st cross plasmamembranes to produce their effects, then:
-absorption -distribution -metabolism -excretion SO, it is -study of drug movement throughout the body OR -it describes how the body handles medications Ex. "How does the aspirin know I have a headache and to go there?" |
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Uses of drugs
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-symptomatic treatment
-prevention -diagnostic -curative -health maintneance -contraception |
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Drug names
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Chemical name:
-the drug's chemical composition & molecular structure generic name: -name given by US adopted names council -allows drug to be marketed -name we need to know -ex. ibuprofen Trade/brand name: -has registered trademark, use of name is restricted by owner/manufacturer -superscript is registered by the US patent office & approved by the FDA -ex. Motrin |
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Drug
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chemical agent capable of producing biological responses w/in the body. May be desirable or undesirable.
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Biologic
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agents naturally produced in animal cells, microorganisms, or by the body itself
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Complementary & alternative treatments
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natural plant extracts, herbs, vitamins, minerals, dietary supplements, several techniques such as acupuncture, hypnosis, biofeedback.
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FDA
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-stands for food and drug administration
-part of the US dept of health and human services -exercises control over whether prescription drugs & OTC drugs may be used for therapy -also oversees administration of herbal products & dietary supplements, much more loosely |
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How does a drug get on the market?
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-preclinical investigation-extensive lab research
-clinical investigation & clinical phase trials-longest part of process. Testing on patients -postmarketing serveillence-survey for harmful effects in a larger population |
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What is a true allergy?
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-NOT an adverse effect, not a side effect
-a potentially life threatening effect: -rash -itching -swelling |
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drug toxicity
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-occurs when the drug level goes above the therapeutic range
-toxic effects are likely to occur -monitored usually through blood tests |
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Elements of a legal prescription
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-pt name
-drug name -dosage form -amt of each dose -administration route -administration schedule or time -total amt of drug to be dispensed -refills, if any -prescriber's name/credentials -date of rx |
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"The rights"
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-right drug
-right dose -right pt -right time -right route -right documentation -right to refuse |
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Absorption of drug
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-absorption is the process involving the movement of a substance from it's site of administration, across body membranes, to circulating fluid
-this is the primary factor in determining the length of time it takes a drug to take effect -drug & food interactions may incluence |
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Excretion
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-the way drugs are removed from the body
-the rate at which meds are excreted determines their concentration in the blood & tissues. Important b/c this determines the duration of action -If someone has renal or liver failure, the duration usually increases b/c excretion is impaired |
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Metabolism
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-the process of converting the drug to a form that is usually more easily removed by the body
-liver is primary site of drug metabolism, enzymes can inactivate drugs, or make them more potent |
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Pharmaceutic phase of oral drugs
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-1st phase of drug action
-the breakdown of the tablet in the GI tract |
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Pharmacokinetic phase of oral drugs
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The process of drug movement:
-absorbion -distribution -metabolism (biotransformation) -excretion |
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Pharmacodynamic
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drug concentration & it's effect on the body
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Metabolism:
1st pass effect |
refers to metabolism that occurs immediately, before the drug can have any effect or reach it's target organ.
Basically, the liver takes a piece of the med, this reduces the amt that will be absorbed and so increases the dosage requirement of drug. -metabolism occurs in the liver & liver enzymes react w/drug |
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Half life
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the time it takes for one half of the drug to be eliminated
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Bioavailability
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refers to the percentage of the administered drug dose that reaches the circulation
-affected by drug form, route, food, etc |
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Receptors
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-drugs bind to an appropriate receptor to achieve desired effect
-can bind onto several different types of sites, proteins, lipids etc |
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Drug receptor interaction
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binding w/specific receptors occurs only when the drug & it's receptors have a compatible chemical shape
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Principles of drug action
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receptors:
-the better the fit, the stronger the drug's affinity SO -drug effect occurs at lower dose *drug w/best fit knocks off drugs that are partial fits, this can result in toxicity of the drug w/the partial fit |
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As drugs enter the plasm...
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-many drugs bind to plasma, some more than others
-if it is bound to plasma, it can't bind to receptors, so bound drugs are inactive -free drugs are active & can produce a therapeutic response -the term "protein bound" refers to this phenomenon *this is why sometimes 2 drugs can't be given together, if both are highly protein bound they compete for binding sites -this leads to more free drug & potential toxicity |
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Therapeutic range
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-range between having therapeutic effect & being toxic
-some drugs are very narrow, some have wide margins |
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Side effects
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phsyiologic effects not related to the desired effect
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Adverse effects
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-more severe than side effects
-reportable -causes discontinuation of drug |
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Peak
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the highest level of a drug at a specific time
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Trough
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the lowest plasma concentration, measures the rate wat which the drug is eliminated
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Therapeutic range
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-range between having therapeutic effect & being toxic
-some drugs are very narrow, some have wide margins |
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Side effects
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phsyiologic effects not related to the desired effect
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Adverse effects
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-more severe than side effects
-reportable -causes discontinuation of drug |
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Peak
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the highest level of a drug at a specific time
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Trough
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the lowest plasma concentration, measures the rate wat which the drug is eliminated
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Distribution
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-involves how drugs are transported through the body, (how it finds headache_
-simplest factor is blood flow to area -heart, liver, kidneys & brain receive most so easiest to reach these areas -skin, bone & adipose tissue receive lower flow, so more difficult to deliver high concentrations of drugs to these areas -some drugs hitch a ride on lipids, some on albumin, etc -some organs have a high affinity for certain types of meds & will store them, potentially for months -the brain & placenta possess special anatomical barriers that may inhibit many chemicals & meds from entering |
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Metabolism
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-the process of converting the drug to a form that is usually more easily removed from body
-liver is primary site of drug metabolism, enzymes can inactivate drugs or make them more potent SO -if drug rendered inactive by liver in 1st pass, alternate route of delivery needed. -drugs absorbed after oral admin cross directly into the hepatic portal circulation, carrying blood to liver before it is distributed to other tissues-oral drugs must survive this to be effective! |
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Loading dose
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-repeated dosing of a drug results in an accumulation of the drug in the bloodstream. Eventually a plateau is reached & the level of drug is maintained
-a loading dose is a higher amt of the drug given initially to hopefully reach that plateau sooner |
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Pharmacodynamics
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-refers to how a drug changes the body
-health care providers must be able to predict whether a drug will produce a significant change in patients, and if so, how much of the drug is needed to achieve the desired result? |
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Drug response-phases
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Graded dose response curve fundamental in pharm
-phase 1: lowest doses, so few target cells have been affected -phase 2: usually see a linear relationship between amt of drug taken & therapeutic response -phase 3: plateau is reached, & increasing drug produces no additonal effect *some drugs have entirely different effects or different doses. Ex. Amitriptyline, at 20 mg for insomnia, 300mg for depression |
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Potency
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-a drug that is more potent produces a therapeutic effect at a lower dose
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Efficacy
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-the maximal response that can be produced by a particular drug
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Receptors and drug action
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-receptor is the part of the cell to which a medication binds
-receptors may bind all kinds of things: hormones, growth factors, neurotransmitters, etc |
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What happens when a drug binds to a receptor?
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the activity of that cell is either enhanced or inhibited
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What you must do and know when giving a med
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DO:
-7 rights KNOW: -drug you are giving -why is pt on drug -drug allergies -any assessments that need to be done before giving -specific admin considerations -any drug interactions -is the does appropriate -what side effects might I see -what adverse effects should I watch for -how will I evaluate drug's effectiveness |
