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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Difference between catabolism and anabolism?
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Catabolism: ADP-->ATP; conversion of energy to a useful form
Anabolism: ATP-->ADP; require energy; builds up molecules and proteins; useful energy + small molecules-->complex molecules |
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Why can't glucose-6 phosphate form ATP?
What could form ATP? How (generally) would the cell accomplish this? |
Glucose 6-P couldn't donate a phosphate to ADP because its hydrolysis is less than 50kJ/mol.
Creatine-P; cell couples dephosphorylation of CP with phosphorylation of ADP. |
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What is the empirical formula of carbohydrates?
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CH2O
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What functional groups are present in all carbons in carbohydrates?
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Hydroxyl groups, except for one, which is a carbonyl group.
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What are the two classes of carbohydrates? How do they differ structurally?
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Ketose & Aldose
Aldose: Carbonyl at aldehyde (terminal) position Ketose: carbonyl at ketose (internal) position |
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How is D/L stereochemistry determined in carbohydrates? Which occurs most frequently?
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Stereochemistry of carbon furthest from carbonyl.
If goes R, OH, CH2OH, H (clockwise from noon), then it's D. Always D. |
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Identify molecules 1-13
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Nice try.
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What are anomers? How are they classified?
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When two ring structures differ by position of OH in respect to ring.
alpha: below plane of ring beta: above plane of ring |
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Difference between furan and pyran?
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Furan: 5 member ring
Pyran: 6 member ring |
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Which fructofuranose anomer is favored biologically?
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alpha
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Briefly describe the reactions that make up the three stages of TCA.
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Stage I:
Fats-->FAs, glycerol; Polysaccharides-->Glucose; sugars; Proteins-->Amino acids Stage II: -->AcetylCoA + NADH + ATP (some) Stage III: AcetylCoA enters TCA-->CoA; 2CO2; 8e- NAD+, FAD-->NADH, FADH2 Electrons enter OxPhos + O2-->ATP + H2O |
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What is the role of CoA?
What its reactive group? |
Carries acyl groups
SH |
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What chemical property allows Acetyl CoA to perform its job?
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Hydrolysis of bond between Sulfur and acyl group has negative free energy.
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Why is NAD+ especially good at attracting electrons?
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Its positively charged.
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Write out the reduction reactions of NAD+ and FAD in TCA. Who is the ultimate recipient of these electrons?
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NAD+ + 2H+ + 2e- <--> NADH
FAD + 2H+ + 2e- <--> FADH2 Oxygen |
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Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
Describe its steps. |
Mitochondria.
Oxidation of fuels (NADH oxidized to give Oxygen electrons) pump protons out of mito and create proton gradient. The influx of protons then are used to drive ATP synthesis: ADP + Pi-->ATP. |
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Name and describe the 6 types of chemical reactions in metabolism?
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Ox-Red: electron transfer
Ligation req. ATP cleavage: forms covalent (Carbon) bonds Isomerization: rearrangement of atoms to form isomers Group transfer: transfer of fnal grop between molecs Hydrolytic: Cleavage of bonds by addition of H2O Addition/Elimination: addition of fnal groups to double bonds or their removal to form double bonds |
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Identify reactions 1-6.
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Good luck :)
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What is high energy charge indicative of? Low energy charge?
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High ATP; High AMP
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How does ATP utilization/generation vary as a function of energy charge?
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High energy charge-->High ATP utilization, low ATP generation
Low energy charge-->High ATP generation; low ATP utilization |
