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29 Cards in this Set
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microbiology
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is the study of microorganisms and their interactions with each other and other organisms
Many key events in world history due to microbes Prior to 1700’s little known about microbial life. Outbreaks often blamed on bad air, spirits, etc |
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Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek
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Invented the first microscope, made his own lenses and metals
Recorded the first observations of cellular microbial life |
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Van Leeuwenhoek
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Observed bacteria, fungi, protists, and algae
Didn’t share notes |
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Linnaeus
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shortly afterwards created the modern taxonomic system in 1750’s
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groups studied by microbiologist
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Bacteria and Archaea
Prokaryotes with or without cell walls. Majority do not cause disease |
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Fungi
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Yeasts are single celled fungi
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Protozoa
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Single-celled motile organisms, some cause disease
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Algae
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Multi- or single celled, photosynthetic organisms
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worms and viruses
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Worms are multi-cellular animals
Viruses often just a segment of genetic material and a protein coat |
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Golden age of microbiology
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late 1800’s to early 1900’s
Spontaneous Generation: Abiogenesis: life could spontaneously occur |
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Francesco Redi
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– Late 1600’s
Meat kept separated from flies didn’t develop maggots cast doubt on spontaneous generation |
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John Needham
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– Mid 1700’s
placed boiled organic materials in sealed tubes Tubes turned cloudy attributed to “life force |
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Spallanzi
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1799 repeated Needham’s experiments
Showed that: Needham failed to properly heat or seal samples Microorganisms exist in the air Spontaneous generation does not occur |
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Pasteur
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devised experiment to counteract criticisms of Spallanzani
Would leave samples open, but protected from air After 18 months samples remained sterile unless deliberately exposed |
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scientific method
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4 key points
A group of observations will lead to a question A hypothesis is devised to potentially answer this question The hypothesis is tested The results of the tests either causes one to accept, reject, or modify the hypothesis |
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fermentation
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What caused fermentation, why did products spoil?
Pasteur conducted multiple tests with yeasts, bacteria, and grape juice |
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yeast
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fermented grape juice to form alcohol
bacteria fermented juice to form acids Invented Pasteurization and industrial microbiology |
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germ theory of disease
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Microorganisms caused disease
Other investigator linked pathogens and etiology (how diseases spread) |
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Robert Koch
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German doctor in the late 1800’s to early 1900’s
Investigated Anthrax Was the first to show that a bacterium caused disease |
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Koch invented
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Aseptic techniques
Bacteria culturing on sterile media The Petri dish |
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Koch postulates
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Suspected agent must be found in every sick individual and absent from healthy ones
The agent must be isolated and grown outside the host |
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other break troughs
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Protozoa cause Malaria
Existence of viruses Development of gram stain |
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development of hygiene and disease prevention
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in 1800’s
Florence Nightingale – introduced antiseptic techniques to nursing |
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Semmelweis
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linked unsterile conditions and infant mortality
Instituted hand washing |
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Lister
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Devised “antisepsis”
Cleaned wounds and surgical incisions with phenol and carbolic acid |
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John Snow
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Mapped cholera outbreaks in London
Helped lay foundation for epidemiology |
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Edward Jenner
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Cowpox virus could protect against Small pox
Invented vaccination and established field of immunology |
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Paul Ehrlich
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discovered chemicals effective against sleeping sickness and syphilis
Established field of chemotherapy |
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modern age
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Many new discoveries and advances have occurred since the mid 1900’s
Antibiotics Genetic engineering and Molecular genetics Environmental microbiology |
