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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Medicine
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drug that leads to an improvement in health
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OTC
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over-the-counter medications; do not require prescriptions
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Thalidomine
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drug initially to alleviate morning sickness which caused 10,000 cases of birth defects
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Moiety
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specific segment of a molecule
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Placebo
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an inert chemical used as a control when testing a drug clinically
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Subcutaneous
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Injection directly under the skin.
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Define medicine/pharmaceutical
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a drug that leads to an improvement in health
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Drug
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any substance, natural or synthetic that by its chemical nature has an influence on the physical or metnal functions of the body
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What are natural products
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Chemical compounds isolated from living organisms
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3 Modes of Communication Between Cells
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1. neurotransmission: neurone passes chemical signal to another nerve cell, muscle or gland cell. 2. hormonal: hormones released from endocrine glands and carried by blood to organs. 3. autacoid: 'local hormones' released and act on nearby cells
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Different methods of administering drugs
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Oral administration, Injection, Suppositories, Inhalation
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analgesics
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painkiller
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depressants
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lead to relaxation
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stimulants
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result in wakefulness and a sense of well being
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Intramuscular
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Injection into the muscle (usually arm, leg, or buttocks)
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Intravenus
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Injection directly into the bloodstream. Most rapid effect as the drug enters the bloodstream immediately.
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Stimulants
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result in wakefulness and a sense of well-being
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chemotheraphy
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treatment of diseade by chemicals
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classes of medications
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depressants, stimulants, narcotics, analgesics, hallucinogens, psychotherapeutic
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LD50
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quantity of the drug if administered to a group of people or animals, will kill 50% of them.
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natural products
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are chemical compounds that are isolated from living organisms
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Small LD50
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substance is relatively toxic
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Large LD50
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substance is relatively non-toxic
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pharmacology
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study of the interacions of drugs with various different cells found in the human body
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types of autacoids
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histamine, serotine, prostaglandins
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neurotransmission communication between cells
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neurone passes cehmical sign to other neurone/mucle/gland cell
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Hormonal comunication between cells
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Hormones are released from endocrine glands --> carried by blood --> 'target' organ
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Autocoid communication between cells
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local hormones are released and act on nearby cells
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chemotherapy
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refers to the treatment od disease by chemicals
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effects of drugs
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result in intercellular communications
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Antibiotics
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penicillin, cimetidine and ranitidine to treat gastric ulcers
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alkalosis
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rise in pH of blood
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AIDS drugs
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zidovudine
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powerful analgesics
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morphine and codeine
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Anti-cancer drugs
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cisplatin and Taxol
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agonists
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neurotransmitters that bind to the receptor site to produce an effect
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anatagonists
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neurotransmitters that bind to the receptor (block) and do not produce a response
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Explain how drugs function
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function by reducing and increasing release of neurotransmitters, by binding to receptors or changing the permeability of neuronal cell membranes
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moiety of MDMA
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phenylethylamine
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nerve impulse
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movement sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane of an axon (but there isn't a connection berween these axons)
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signal transduction
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occurs when primary signal induces response by cell
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Methods of Drug Administration
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Oral, Injection, Suppositories, Inhalation
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ED50
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amount of drug needed to produce the desired effect in 50% of the test population
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What do neurotransmitters do?
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They chane the permeability of the target cell membrane to sodium, potassium, calcium and chlorine atoms
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How do many drugs work?
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Change the permeability of the neuronal cell mebranes and copy the action of neurotransmitter or alter the re-uptake by neurone
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Signal Transduction
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Primary signal creates response by cell
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drug
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any substance, natural or synthetic, that by its chemical nature has an influence on the physical or mental functions of the body
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medicine/pharmaceutical
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a drug that leads to an improvement in health
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analgesics
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painkillers, ex. aspirin, ibuprofen, paracetamol, morphine, codeine
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natural products
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chemical compounds that are isolated from living organisms, ex. plants and trees, using chemical techniques such as solvent extractions and chromatography
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agonist vs. antagonist
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those that produce a response vs. those that bind tightly to the receptor and block it without producing a response
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autocoids
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local hormones
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historical controls
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the patientss given thedrug are compared with similar patients treated with the control drug at a different time and place
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placebo effect
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when the patient triggers the body natural healing process without taking an active drug. It is the thought that they have which helps
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in vivo
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Involves use of live animals
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in vitro
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uses cells in cultures
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types of injection
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intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously
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cross tolerance
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tolerance to alcohol also produces tolerance to other drugs
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metabolic tolerance
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increase in liver activity
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functional tolerance
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produced by changes in the nervous system
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Ectasy
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Designer drug/ stimulant/ can be fatal
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2 well known autocoids
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histamines and serotonin
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ED50
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dose required to produce the desired effect in 50% of test animals or patients
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a placebo
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is an inert chemical used as a control when testing a drug clinically
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Therapeutic window
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ratio of LD50 to ED50
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In vivo
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uses living animals
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types of tolerance
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acute tolerance, chronic tolerance
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ways of administering drugs
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oral administration, injection, suppositories, inhalation
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Acute tolerance
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occurs within a single exposure to the drug
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Chronic tolerance
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occurs gradually as the drug is taken repeatedly
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In vitro
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tests done on cells grown in culture.
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therapeutic window
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ratio of LD50 and ED50
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Signal transduction
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Neurotransmittors bind to receptors of cell membrane --> 'open tunnels' --> soidium ions can pass into the cell --> could result in turning on genes
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placebo
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non-active drug used as a controll when testing the drug
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vivo test
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animal testing
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vitro test
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no animal testing, cells are grown in culture
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historical controls
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patient with drug compared to patient with placebo
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placebo effect
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the pharmacological effect on a person, or group of people who have been given a placebo, rather than an active drug
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in vivo vs. in vitro
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tests involving use of live animals vs. tests which do not
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suppositories
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to minimize metabolism in liver, some drugs injected into vagina or rectum; made from waxy polymers that melt at room temperature, releasing drug so that it can be absorbed across mucous membrane and be released into the blood stream
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tolerance
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occurs when larger dose of drug required in order to achieve effect originally obtained by a smaller dose
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frist stage of clinical trials
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carryed out on healthy human volenteers
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side effect
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any effect other than the intended effect of drug treatment; may be negative, positive or neutral to patients
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double-blind studies
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patient, doctors & drug companies don't know who received the active drug
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Sodium hydro carbonate antacids
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NaHCO3 + HCL -> NaCl + H2O + CO2
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designer drugs
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drugs associated with parties etc. made by 'underground chemists'
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Thalidomide
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a drug introduced in 1957. Used as a hyponitic and sedative and was found to give relief from morning sickness in pregnant women.Testing was incomplete/was not tested for birth defects
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consequences of cross tolerance
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anxiety, tremors, hallucinations, convulsions
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Synapse
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junction between two neurons
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effect of drugs
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altering incoming sensory perception,altering mood or emotions, altering the physiological state of body, altering activity levels
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single blind studies
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patients are not informed of whether or not they are recieving the placebo
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double blind studies
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patients, doctors, and the drug company analysts do not know which patients recieve the drug
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LD50
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quantity of drug will kill 50% of people or animals
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synthetic products
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are chemical compounds that are made by chemicals in a lab
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hormone
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Chemical messenger
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Tetragenic
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it produces severely malformed fetuses
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Prodrug
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Swallowed in inactive form but liver enzyme turns active (toxix cancer drugs)
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Oral administration
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Mouth --> digestive system --> absorbed in small intestine --> blood stream --> hepatic portal vein --> liver
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Intravenously injection
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injection into a vein
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intra muscularly injection
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into a muslce
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designer drugs
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associated with raves, derived by chemically modifying restricted or illegal drugs, made by 'underground' chemists
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subcataneously injection
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under the skin (e.g. insulin)
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moiety
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a specific segment of a molecule (ex. MDMA has a phenylethylamine moiety)
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Suppositories injection
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Injected into vagina/rectum in the form of pessaries or suppositories
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types of medicine
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mild analgesics, powerful analgesics, anti-cancer drugs, zidovudine to treat AIDS, antibiotics, cimetidine
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pharmacology
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scientific study of interactions of drugs with the various types of cells in human body
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inhalation
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a pressurized delivery device ensures that a fine mist of droplets of the correct size reaches the lungs
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Suppotories
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made up of waxy polymers and melt at body temp., then release the drug --> absorbed at mucous membrane --> bloodstream
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chemotherapy
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treatment of disease by chemicals
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lethal dosage 50% (LD50)
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the quantity of the drug of other substance that, if administered to a group of people or animals, will kill 50% of them
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ED50
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the quantity of the drug of other substance that, if administered to a group of people or animals, will produce the desired effect in 50% of them
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acute tolerance
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accurs within single exposure to drug
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metabolic tolerance
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accurs gradually as drug is repeated
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MDMA moiety
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Phenylenthylamine (present also in codeine, morphine and heroin_
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therapeutic window/index
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simple and cheap
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moiety
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is a specific segment of a molecule
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side effect
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any effect other than the intended effect of drug treatment - may be negative, positive, or neutral
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metabolic tolerance
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increase in liver activity and functional tolerance produces by changes in central nervous system
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Agonist
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produce a response (fits perfectly)
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cross-tolerance
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tolerance to 1 drug leads to tolerance to other drugs
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acidic gatric juices
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hydrolyse
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narcotic
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pain-relieving and sleep-inducing drug
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Antagonist
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Doesn't fit perfectly, blocks the receptor thus no response
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acid restistant polymer
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enteric coating
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laxative
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stimulate contractions of the bowel, used to relieve constipation
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'Patch on skin'
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Fat-soluble drugs
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1st trial on humans
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1st phase of clinical studies
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side effect
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any effect other than the intended effect of drug treatment
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narcotic
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pain-relieving and sleep-inducing drug
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Most popular administration of drugs
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oral as it is most affective and cheap
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