Exam 4 Intro 2 Comm

Front 1

Cerebral Palsy term

Back 1

is a name for a group of neurological problems caused by brain injury

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Cerebral Palsy is a disorder of childhood

Back 2

Brain injury in early childhood (diagnosed first 2 years of life)

-paralysis

-Attending problem with physical growth

-Locomotion

-Communication

-Potential Sensory Deficits

Front 3

Cerebral Palsy affects what Brain Structures

Back 3

The motor cortex, the pyramidal and extra-pyramidal motor systems, and the cerebellum are the main structures that are affected by

Front 4

Cerebral Palsy condition is

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Not a progressive disease, is chronic, origin may be prenatal or congenital, some children improve as they age.

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Prenatal

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causes include maternal rubella, mumps,and influenza, especially during the early period of pregnancy; fetal anoxia;excessive exposure to X-rays and radiation; and accidents during pregnancy.

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Perinatal

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causes of brain injury include prolongedlabor; breach delivery (wrong position of the baby); too fast a delivery;mechanical damage to the head by the use of forceps; and prematurity.

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Postnatal

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causes include auto accidents;infections or diseases, including mumps, scarlet fever, measles, whoopingcough, meningitis, encephalitis, postnatal anoxia; and numerous poisoningagents, including lead and mercury.

Front 8

Types of Cerebral Palsy based on body parts paralyzed

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•Hemiplegia....

•Paraplegia....

•Monoplegia......

•Diplegia....

•Quadriplegia

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Quadriplegia:

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All four limbs are involved.

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Diplegia

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Either the left or the right half of the body is affected.

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Monoplegia:

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Only one limb is affected.

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Paraplegia:

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Only the legs are involved.

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Hemiplegia:

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Either the left or the right half of thebody is affected.

Front 14

Developmental dysarthria

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•isthe main communicative problem associated with cerebral palsy.

•Acoexisting lesion in the language centers of the brain or more widespread braindamage can cause language delay as well.

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Developmentaldysarthria ofchildren with cerebral palsy includes the following problems:

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•problemsof articulation..... •breathingabnormalities..... •voiceproblems......

•problemsof fluency and prosody

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Autism Spectrum Disorders

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Autism,....

Asperger’s syndrome,....

Rettsyndrome,.....

childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD)

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Agroup of disorders, typically diagnosed in early childhood years, is known as

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autism spectrum disorders.

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Autism spectrum disorders are know as

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pervasive developmental disorders (PDD)

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Asperger’s Syndrome

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isa mild form of autism. It is diagnosed with features similar to those found inautism, but with an IQ that is higher than 70. (SLPs consider it as their own category)

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Genetic Syndromes

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•Down syndrome

•Fragile X syndrome

•Fetal alcohol syndrome

•Williams syndrome

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Intellectual Disabilities (ID) prefer over the previously used term Mental Retardation

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Intellectual disability is diagnosed when IQs fall below 70.......inchildren are diagnosed when a child (or an adult) experiences limitations inintellectual functioning, deficient social behaviors or skills, and inadequatedaily living skills.

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Limitations of ID may be evident in

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communication, self-care, home living skills, self-direction,interpersonal behaviors, academic and conceptual learning, and safety.

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ID Classification ranges are

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mild, with an IQ range of 50–55 to 70;..... moderate,with IQs in the range of 35–40 to 50–55;.......severe, withIQs below 35 or 40.

Front 24

Types of Alternative and AugmentativeCommunication (ACC)

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Unaided– Signs, gestures.....

Aided– Devices, computers

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Picture Exchange Communication System(PECS)

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Alow-tech aided AAC system in which the child picks a picture of an object or a card with a specificmessage and hands it to the therapist, teacher, or caregiver, who then complieswith the message.

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Symbols

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are more practical than words for someclients who need communication boards but cannot read. ______may be iconic or noniconic. Iconic are concrete, whereas noniconic are abstract.

Front 27

Carrier symbols

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includes geometric, abstract, and noniconic. (Even Chimpanzees can learn to communicate this manipulations.

Front 28

Listsome special considerations when working with individuals who have intellectualdisabilities.

Back 28

na

Front 29

Whois a candidate for AAC?

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na

Front 30

Whotakes part in an AAC assessment?

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na

Front 31

Whatare some causes of brain damage for cerebral palsy?

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Prenatal....

Perinatal....

Postnatal....

Front 32

Whattype of speech and language skills do individuals with cerebral palsy have?

Back 32

na

Front 33

Whatare some characteristics of individuals with autism spectrum disorders?

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na

Front 34

Whatsort of goals would you work on with individuals who have autism spectrumdisorders?

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na

Front 35

Literacy

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•readingand writing; also called conventional literacy

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Emergent Literacy

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:early skills related to reading and writing in preschoolers

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Grapheme

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•smallestelement of written language (e.g., the letters of the alphabet)

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phoneme

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•smallestelement of oral language that makes a difference in meaning

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Reading

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•formof verbal behavior evoked by printed stimuli; also “decoding” of printed wordsand sentences

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Writing

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•formof verbal behavior that creates printed material

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Print Knowledge or Print awarness

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Handling of printed material in various ways

•Interestin printed material

•holdinga book in its correct orientation

•lookingat print and pictures in the book
Most children acquire print knowledge betweenthe ages of 3 and 5 years

Front 42

Phonological Awareness

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•refersto such skills as understanding how meaningful words, phrases, and sentencesare created by blending sounds or phonemes.

Front 43

•List3 emergent literacy skills.

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1.Print awareness

2.Phonological awareness

3.•Parental Role-Modeling and Teaching

Front 44

•Whatarethe 3 stages of reading development? Provide an example of each stage.

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•1. Logographic stage. Thechild learns to recognize the printed word (preschool to first grade, ages 6months–6 years)

•2. Alphabetic stage.Children learn how speech and orthography (printed letters, words, and correctspelling) are related (Grades 1–2; ages 6–7 years).

•3. Orthographic stage.Children begin to read more fluently (Grades 2–3; ages 7–8 years).

Front 45

•List3 examples of skills related to phonological awareness.

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•understandinghow meaningful words, phrases, and sentences are created by blending sounds orphonemes.

Front 46

•Howcan an SLP assess literacy skills?

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n/a

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•Providean example of how an SLP can incorporate literacy skills into speech/languagetherapy.

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n/a

Front 48

Acoustics

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¨abranch of physics, is the study of sound as a physical event.

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Psychoacoustics

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¨isthe study of the psychological experience of sound.

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Frequency

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¨isthe number of times a cycle of vibration repeats itself within a second.

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Pitch

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¨is asensory (perceptual) experience related to changes in frequency, a physicalevent.

Front 52

Intensity

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¨ofsound is related to amplitude, which is the extent of moleculardisplacement.

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Loudness

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¨is asensation related to physical intensity of the sound. The higher the intensityof a sound, the greater its perceived loudness.

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audiologist

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hasspecial training in the assessment of hearing disorders and rehabilitation ofhearing-impaired individuals.

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Audiology

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¨isthe study of hearing, its disorders, and the measurement and management ofthose disorders.

Front 56

Theperipheral auditory system

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includesthe ear and its structures; pinna, external auditory canal, lobule, eardrum, ossicles, malleus, incus, stapes, eustachian tube, cochlea, cochlear nerve, vestibular nerve

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thecentral auditory system

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includescertain portions of the brain and the brainstem.(auditory cortex, cochlea, signla from left ear, superior olive, medial geniculate body, inferior colliculus, signal from right ear, cochlear nucleus.

Front 58

air conduction

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¨thesound travels through the medium of air.

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bone conduction

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¨thesound is transmitted by vibrating bones of the skull.

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conductive hearings loss

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¨theefficiency with which the sound is conducted to the middle or inner ear isdiminished.

¨ is never profound.

¨Thetwo most common causes of are otitis media and otosclerosis.

Front 61

Otitis media cause of hearing loss

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¨is aninfection of the middle ear often associated with upper respiratory infections.It is common among children.

¨Evenmild and fluctuating conductive hearing loss in children can adversely affectspeech and language development. is aninfection of the middle ear often associated with upper respiratory infections.It is common among children.

Front 62

cause of conductive hearing loss, otosclerosis

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¨is adisease of the bones of the middle ear, especially the stapes. It is morecommon in women than in men.

¨Thediseased or fixated stapes is surgically removed in an operation called stapedectomy; asynthetic prosthesis is then inserted.

Front 63

sensorineural hearing loss

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¨thehair cells in the cochlea or the acoustic nerve may be damaged, preventing thebrain from receiving the neural impulses of sound. Sensorineural hearing loss

¨ispermanent,

¨variesfrom very mild to profound deafness,

¨tendsto be greater for higher frequencies than for the lower frequencies of the moreprofound kind, and

¨has asevere effect on the acquisition of speech and language.

Front 64

causes of sensorineural lossinclude

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ototoxicdrugs(taken by the pregnant mother or the child). noise(especially prolonged exposure to intense noise). infections(e.g., syphilis contacted from the mother, meningitis). maternalrubella(infrequent in the U.S.). heredity. birthdefects(portions of the inner ear may be missing). anoxia (lackof oxygen during delivery). acousticneuroma(tumor of the acoustic nerve). oldage. Meniere’sdisease(spells of dizziness or vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus)

Front 65

Aural Rehab

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¨Amplificationof sound, early education, and speech and language therapy are needed forindividuals with sensorineural hearing loss.

Front 66

Frequencyand Pitch

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Thenormal ear of a young adult can hear 20 Hz to 20000 Hz.

Pitch is asensory (perceptual) experience related to changes in frequency, a physicalevent.

Thehuman ear is more sensitive to changes in lower frequencies (below 1000 Hz)than in higher frequencies.

Front 67

MixedHearing Loss

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resultswhen both the middle and inner ear are not functioning properly. It is acombination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. However, the boneconduction is better than the air conduction.

Front 68

Inyour own words explain a mild, moderate, and severe hearing loss. Provide examples of what you might be able tohear and not hear.

Back 68

na

Front 69

Whatare some differences between a hearing screening and a hearing evaluation?

Back 69

na

Front 70

Whocan perform a hearing screening?

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na

Front 71

¨Hearingevaluation?

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na

Front 72

Whatare some tests used during a hearing evaluation?

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na

Front 73

Howdoes hearing loss affect communication?

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¨The most severe disorders of oral language are found in children who are prelingually and profoundly deaf and who have other disabling conditions. The communicative disorders include

¨speech, voice, and resonance disorders; and

¨oral language disorders.

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Howdoes hearing loss affect oral communication?

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¨Theextent of the effects of hearing impairment on speech, language, and voicedepend on the following:

¨theage at which the loss is sustained

¨thedegree of hearing loss

¨thepresence of other disabling conditions (e.g., blindness, intellectualdisabilities, brain damage)

¨thetime and the quality of intervention

Front 75

Listthe different anatomical structures of: Outer ear

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-article (pinna)

-outer ear

-external auditory meatus (ear canal)

¨Thevisible auricle or the pinna funnels the sound to the ear canal andhelps localize sounds.

¨The externalauditory canal(or meatus) acts as a resonator of the sound itreceives and boosts the high-frequency sounds.

Front 76

Listthe different anatomical structures of: Middle ear

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-eardrum (tempanic membrane)

-ossicular chain (the malleus, incus, and stapes)

¨Theouter and the middle ears are separated by the eardrum, or tympanicmembrane,which is thin, elastic, and cone shaped.

¨Pastthe tympanic membrane, the most important structures are the three small bonesforming the ossicular chain ofthe middle ear: the malleus, incus, and stapes.

¨Thefirst bone is called the malleus, which has one end embedded in thetympanic membrane.

Front 77

Listthe different anatomical structures of: Inner ear

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¨The innerearbegins with the oval window, which is a small opening in the bonethat houses the inner ear.

¨Throughthe stapes, the inner ear receives the mechanical vibrations of the sound.

¨Theinner ear is a system of interconnecting tunnels called labyrinths inthe temporal bone. The tunnels are filled with a fluid called perilymph.

Front 78

Periodic sound wave

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have a pattern that repeats itself at regular intervals.

nice regular repeated pattern

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Aperiodic sound wave

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No pattern

-lack of periodicity

have no such pattern. they do not repeat themselves. mostly perceive as unpleasant.

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pure tone

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is atone of single frequency.

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complex tone

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resultswhen two or more sounds of differing frequencies are combined.

¨Thevibrations that make up a complex tone may be periodic or aperiodic.

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Vibrations

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¨of anelastic object are the source of sound.

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Amplitude

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the displacement of the molecules in their to-and-fro motion. the greater the range of displacement, the higher the amplitude of sound.

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speech reception threshold (SRT)

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¨isthe lowest level of hearing at which the person can understand 50% of the wordspresented.

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word discrimination

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¨(orword recognition) score is established by having the person repeat correctlymonosyllabic words such as day and cap.

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hearing threshold

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¨is anintensity level at which a tone is faintly heard at least 50% of the time it ispresented.

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audiometer

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¨is anelectronic instrument that generates and amplifies pure tones, noise, and otherstimuli for testing hearing.

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Boneconduction is tested

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¨toassess the sensitivity of the sensorineural portion of the auditory mechanism.

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Acomplete case history is essential to

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¨tomake a thorough assessment of hearing loss. Diseases associated with hearingloss, family history of loss, and other such factors need to be investigated.

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acoustic reflex

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Theimpedance meter also can be used to measure a simple reflex response of themuscles attached to the stapes bone

Front 91

impedancemeteror an impedance bridge.

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anelectroacoustic instrument most commonly used to measure acoustic immittance

Front 92

Otoacoustic emissions

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areacoustic signals of small magnitude that are measured by special instrumentsplaced in the external auditory meatus (canal). The signals originate in thehealthy outer hair cells of the cochlea; if the hair cells are damaged, thereare no otoacousticemissions.

Front 93

Electrophysiological audiometry

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isthe measurement of electrical impulses the sound stimulus generates in thecochlea, the acoustic nerve, and the auditory centers of the brain. Theseimpulses are called auditory evoked potentials.

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Electrocochleography

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isthe measurement of the electrical activity of the cochlea.

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Auditory brainstem response (ABR)

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isthe electrical activity in the auditory nerve, brainstem, and cortical areas ofthe brain, and its measurement.

Front 96

Assessmentof Central Auditory Processing Disorders

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Abattery of advanced tests is used to assess central auditory processingdisorders. A team of experts that include audiologists, psychologists, andspeech–language pathologists may be involved in this assessment.

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auropalpebralreflex

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theinfant quickly closes the eyes as the sound is presented; if the eyes arealready closed, the eyelids tighten.

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startle reflex

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¨theentire body shows sudden movement that suggests a jumping response.

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arousal

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¨anactive infant may become suddenly quiet upon hearing a loud sound, or a quietinfant may show sudden activity.

Front 100

Hearing screening

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is aquick and preliminary method to identify children and adults who may have ahearing problem. The sound is presented at a 20 or 25 dB hearing level for 500,1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz.

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mild hearing loss

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15–40dB

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moderate hearing loss

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41-55 dB

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profound hearing loss

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90 dB or greater

Front 104

HL may be

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unilateral (theloss is found in only one ear), or it may be bilateral(both of the ears are affected). The loss may be conductive, sensorineural, or mixed, asdefined earlier.

Front 105

Theresults of air-conduction and bone-conduction tests are recorded on a graph

Back 105

audiogram