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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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internal politics within communities affects community development, what are ways to avoid it?
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-democratic, decentralized decision-making is key
-avoid favoritism, factionalism at the center -central leadership needs to show rationale -Need participatory self-reliance from those members who have the most to gain, empower them to act on behalf of their collective interests. -Bring divergent views and interests to the open, honest and openness is critical, especially in managing programs funds. Financial irregularities are most common cause of internal divisions. -A purposefully homogeneous membership base minimizes conflict. -Dealing with external political influences is easier from a united front, cohesive membership base. -Programs that present good ideas based by credible base of popular support can gain entry to national councils of decision-making. -Self-reliance and self-help is more effective than economic and technological assistance. |
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Critically evaluate ways in which NGOs involved in community development have navigated politics and governments.
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-successful programs handle politics in a low-key way to avoid being drawn into conflicts
-try to work WITHIN existing pol. order, not be revolutionary. -even waiting out major political change e.g a reforestation project. that operated under corrupt & brutal Duvalier regime (Haiti) but was more successful once the regime was ousted -Governments resistant to mass organizations, potential breeding grounds for opposition, -Need to work cooperatively with government, not cross purpose, they see in mass organizations a chance to secure votes. Sometimes must accept collaboration with government to survive |
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methods of mobilization and outcomes of two cases of community activism and resistance and lessons learned
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o relocation vs “local well-being of Bushmen” (gov care more about diamonds than people)
o forced relocation into resettlement camps outside of the park leaving only about 250 permanent dwellers. o Whole villages were removed by the government o They cut off their water supply • |
Elements of Mobilization
• “Central Kalahari Game Reserve committee” established w/democratic elections • CKGR Negotiating Team (CNT) → negotiated & held various govt mtgs, but unsuccessful • Gov said didn’t consider negot. team to have mandate from residents & wouldn’t recog. land rights in a game reserve • CNT: registered people claiming rights in CKGR, mapped ancestral territories, info campaign to educate local people re: options. Press outreach (Ecologist, Cultural Survival …) • Mobilization tactics: court case, real life documentation, community mapping (participatory research), press outrage from institutions Bushmen initiating new legal proceedings to re-open the H20 borehole |
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challenges and alternatives to infusing bottom-up learning in international NGOs
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odev. workers pushing for bottom-up, appropriate comm. dev in Zimbabwe were pressured by INGO managers who wanted to start spending $ and see results, which the dev. workers ultimately caved into (raises question of NGO self preservation over comm. needs)
oNGOs are emulating “for profit” models of “organization learning” but often differ b/c based on goals of “full stakeholder participation, mutual learning, accountability and transparency, local self-governance, long-term sustainability ... and a people centered approach” solution: •Bottom up learning (i.e. learning from comms.), which prioritizes: •genuine needs of communities •accountability to aid recipients •training rather than funding •give control to community members and not NGO leaders, use local leaders •be accountable to their real needs •a lot of self-reliance gained in grass-roots approaches |
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pros and cons of the Ladakh Druk White Lotus school
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PROS
• mixing modern & traditional practices • school is a model for appropriate modernization, the culture of the city meets modern education. • Children taught English to prepare them for the world but also aspects of their culture, a unique education system • building everything by hand, traditional architecture meets modern society, using traditional technology and skills as much as possible. “perma architecture”: buildings that work with nature (utilize the sun) to be more sustainable • Living in close relationship with the natural environment, try not to import any building materials, not imposing a fancy modern design on them, just practical and useful ones. • Deals with water conservation, a closed human waste system |
CONS
• No community survey or local assessment of the project • A lot of dependence on external financing • Had an incredibly rich environment to work with – clean slate •Might have a problem with educated children leaving the comm. |
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Key differences: supply-led organizations vs. demand-led organizations
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Supply led
outside group “prescribes” an organizational model e.g. Grameen Bank: strict arrangements for borrower groups: always 5 members, with groups linked upward through centers and branches • Can be seen as a forced-upon development |
Demand-led
let local people decide what they need and design their own progs. e.g. Orangi sewer prog. in Pakistan that began w/no prescribed structure, encouraging members to design their own org. Orangi succeeded w/cheap, self-help sewer systems costing $33/household •orgs. can build on “traditional” organizational structures • Works with community by inquiring about their needs first • “PROPAGATION” is better than “REPLICATION” i.e. cookie-cutter or Xerox approach b/c propagation, like a seed, allows for flexibility and local adaptation |
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what lessons can be learned from community development initiatives that are culturally inappropriate-Ferguson
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planners wanted to commercialize livestock production, wanted women to sell the cattle during the drought
-didn’t recognize you cannot separate culture and economy -the cattle had an important cultural significance, was security for retirement and important possession to women while the men worked in the fields -communities prioritized economic AND non-economic value of livestock: they have a religious, social, and symbolic importance |
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What Dolores Hayden means by “domesticating urban space,” real world examples
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how urban communities can be better planned to ensure women, children, people of color are fairly included and enjoy = levels of freedom
• women excluded, unsafe, or uncomfortable in urb. env's-→ so we must “domesticate cities” • says presence of women in public space should be a “political right” • must eliminate gender stereotypes from architecture, urban design & graphic design (e.g. billboards) more women & child friendly public spaces |
EXAMPLES
child play areas in Banks for children (like Denmark), or like New Zealand Department stores that offer day care, changing stations in men’s restrooms, secure areas, “greenlight” program, where at night women can go to houses w/green lights for safe-haven, e.g in S.Fran. Examples - better public transportation -most US expenditures have focused on freeways and car culture VS subways, rail and bus → but people of color, women and elderly are often those w/o cars -better security at bus stops, train & metro stations |
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Preconditions for reproducing community based orgs? Which elements are /aren’t replicable elsewhere, and under what circumstances
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Worry less about creating durable institutions b/c they can get separated from the community, focus on current needs of the community. More focus on quality and not longevity
• RATHER focus on creating the pre-conditions for social reproduction of new community orgs |
Preconditions:
1)State neglect / remoteness of village centralized state/party had little presence, allowing community based orgs like APT to flourish • Better self-efficiency • BUT communications could increase the presence of the state • This is case dependent on if the community is already remote to maintain that • Have to pick elements that are most politically acceptable, the state could be beneficial 2)Institutional syncretism • “neotraditionalism”: hybridizing the old & new creation of the new BSO org w/some new features BUT recycling parts of the old APT org: a) created a new name: “BSO” b) included a Council of Elders w/leaders from the old APT c) created a ‘youth section’ to mobilize young people 3)Saavy leadership • being good at grooming donors w/a command of “developmentese” •well trained leaders educated specifically in development inquiry and jargon COSTS? •lack of institutional memory •start up costs •building comm. support •difficulty of short-lived orgs pursuing long-term dev. • Contingent on youth and training new leaders BENEFITS •perhaps keeps comm. based orgs relevant, dynamic, legitimate •perhaps better expresses community interests •syncretism: keep some of the ‘good’ from the old org (e.g. skills, knowledge, experience) and mix w/new energy of the younger generation → The “Council of Elders” w/in the new BSO org |
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Is a "local economy" a necessary pre-condition for comm. dev? (Berry, De Soto)
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•It prioritizes basic needs locally
•No cheap and unnecessary imports •Economic localism: more equality •A little idealistic, would be like going back in time, this is easier to support in theory |
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What’s a Total Economy? Local economy? (Berry)
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TOTAL
- economic globalization, or global neocolonialism: unfettered, corporate-dominated capitalism at a global level. - everything = “private property” (life, pollution rights…) • Based on more and more growth eroding away the real wealth • Gov weaned out by corporatocracy, instability of global market -Effects: erosion of state institutions, communities, households, environment, “growth” by destroying the real wealth of the world |
LOCAL
- Economy at a local scale operating under the principles of neighborhood & subsistence (protectionism) Informal economy: economic activities organized without government approval, outside mainstream industry and commerce (untaxed, unregulated, excluded from GDP), e.g. barter |
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Explain the 2 principles for building local economies, neighborhood & subsistence (Berry)
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Neighborhood
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