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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Trait-Anxiety
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- Relatively stable individual differences in anxiety
proneness (Spielberger, Gorsuch & Lushene, 1970) - Divided into cognitive and emotionality components (Morris & Liebert, 1969) |
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State-Anxiety
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- Worrying about an event
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Endler, Parker, Bagby & Cox (1991)
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- Large factor analysis– 2 dimensions of
state-anxiety: • Cognitive = worry • Autonomic = emotional |
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Cognitive Factors in Anxiety
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- Trait anxiety positively correlated with selective attention to threat stimuli
- Trait anxiety stronger predictor of attention than state anxiety - Test-anxiety: worry linked to poor performance more than somatic |
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Anxiety and Performance
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- State-anxiety worst than trait-anxiety (Eysenck, 1982)
- Most detrimental in certain tasks (difficult, short-term memory tasks, dual tasks (Eysenck, 1997) - Worry more damaging than emotionality (Morris et al, 1981) |
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Emotional Stroop Task
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- Spider phobic’s presented 3 word lists: emotional, neutral and spider related
- Phobic’s slower naming colour of spider words - Watts et al (1986) |
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Dot Probe Task
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- Word pairs (threat and non-threat), followed by a dot probe in same position as one of them
- Anxious patient’s focus on threat word - MacLeod & Mathews (1988) |
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Homophone Spelling
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- Listen to words with 2 alternative meanings and write them down (e.g. die; dye)
- Trait-anxious write threatening word - Eysenck, MacLeod & Mathews (1987) |
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Processing Stage Theory
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- Anxiety affects automatic processing leading to bias
- Williams et al (1988) |
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Hypervigilance Theory
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- Trait-anxious scan environment for threat excessively and lock onto it
- Eysenck (1992) |
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S-REF Theory
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- Self-Regulatory Executive Function: facilitates bottom-up top-down interaction for coping and reducing anxiety
- Activation of Cognitive Attentional Syndrome (CAS) means anxiety persists - Basis of metacognitive therapy - Wells & Matthews (1994) |
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Cognitive Attentional Syndrome (CAS)
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- Worry and rumination
- Pattern of focusing attention on threat and coping strategies that have paradoxical effects - S-REF Theory - Wells & Matthews (1994) |
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DSM 5: Chapters of Anxiety Disorders
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- Anxiety Disorders (e.g. SAD, GAD, phobias)
- OCD and related disorders (e.g. OCD, hoarding) - Trauma and Stress related (e.g. PTSD, reactive attachment disorder) |
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Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)
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- Fear of performance or social situations in which person subject to scrutiny
- Exposure almost invariably causes anxiety - Situation is avoided or endured with intense anxiety/distress - Common symptoms: sweating, shaking, blushing, blank mind, fear of humiliation.. |
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SAD: Cognitive Behavioural Factors
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- Clinical model of SAD:
- Self-focused attention (observer image) - Worry - Unhelpful behaviours - Post-event processing - Clark & Wells (1995) |
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Exposure Therapy
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- Behaviour therapy based on 'extinction principle' of classical conditioning
- Involves systematic desensitisation (hierarchical), reciprocal inhibition (relaxing) and flooding - Wolpe (1958) |
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Cognitive Theory (Beck, 1976)
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1) Emotional disorders = thinking disorder
2) Anxiety accompanied by distortions in thinking 3) Faulty processing manifest as automatic thoughts (content specific to syndrome) 4) Distorted/automatic effects reflect underlying beliefs (schemas) 5) Schemas dormant until activated 6) Behaviour consistent with schemas 7) Behaviour important in maintaining/exacerbating emotional problems |
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Cognitive Therapy
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12-14 sessions involving a sequence of:
• Case formulation based on model • Socialisation • Challenging negative automatic thoughts • Modifying safety/avoidance behaviours • Modifying schemas • Relapse prevention - Wells (1997) |
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Clark’s (1986) Panic Model
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• Panic results from catastrophic misinterpretation
(CM) of internal sensations. • Therapist challenges belief in CM by: • Corrective information • Socratic method • Behavioural experiments |
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Metacognitive Therapy
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- Based on S-REF and CAS
- Beliefs about thinking are a problem - Wells (2009) |
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Metacognitive Therapy Process
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• Metacognitive Case conceptualisation
• Socialisation • Developing new relationship with thoughts • Reducing extent of CAS • Challenging negative meta-beliefs • Challenging positive meta-beliefs • Relapse prevention |
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Metacognition
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- Thoughts about thinking processes
- Positive: "If I worry I'll be prepared" - Negative: "I have no control over my worry" |
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Ironic Control Processes
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- More thinking to stop thinking:
• suppression of ‘triggers’ • worry about worry (meta-worry) • Reassurance seeking • Information search • Avoidance |
