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5 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Recognize the mechanisms that maintain amino acid concentration in blood

Dietary proteins digested; AAs absorbed



Endogenous protein degraded; AAs released


- skeletal muscle



De novo synthesis of AAs from TCA intermediates

Define how amino acids contribute to the nervous system

Nervous system


- BCAAs & NH₄⁺ (as NH₃) cross blood brain barrier


- BCAAs transaminate α-KG to glutamate


- Glutamine synthase creates glutamine from NH₄⁺ and glutamate


- glutamine is shuttle to neuros where it can be converted back to glutamate


- translocation of glutamate as glutamine prevents excitotoxicity

Define how amino acids contribute to the liver

Glucagon promotes AA degradation in liver



NH₄⁺ can enter urea cycle



Carbon skeletons can be used for gluconeogenesis

Identify the roles of glutamine in the blood

Glutamate is one of two nitrogen transporters in blood



It is aminated (addition of NH₄⁺) to form glutamine which then travels through the blood


- often heads to liver where NH₄⁺ can be donated to urea cycle

Define negative nitrogen balance and explain why it is physiologically relevant

More NH₄⁺ is excreted in the urine than is maintained in the blood



Often occurs during hypercatabolic states brought on by


- trauma


- surgery


- burns


- sepsis



Epi and glucocorticoids lead to increased AA metabolism in the liver and skeletal muscle