Interpersonal Test Ii Cmu

Front 1

People make sense of the world by perception explanations

Back 1

- by culture, membership in social groups
- all relationships will influence our perceptions. In teaching a relationship develops, which is a vehicle for teaching.

Front 2

definition of perception

Back 2

- social and cognitive processes in which people assign meaning to sensory cues.

Front 3

Perception is _____ and _____.

Back 3

self-initiated, voluntary

Front 4

Selecting

Back 4

- paying attention to sensory cues.

Front 5

Organization

Back 5

- how we impose structure on sensory cues that we have taken in. We infer interpretation of sensory cues.

Front 6

Why is perception subjective?

Back 6

It is subjective because we cannot take in all stimuli. Whatever we are processing is already skewed - there is no objective reality.
- what I notice is based on my history and experience.
- once we get past obvious things, there is a huge variation. We cannot be objective.

Front 7

How do we select?

Back 7

- based on expectations, assumptions, and goals.
- all these habits (selecting, organizing, inferring) are hard-wired into people. Not how you do it but the fact that you do it. This is part of being a person.

Front 8

Label of outcome for selecting, organizing, and inferring

Back 8

Worlds of Meaning

Front 9

Interpretation of other people and events depends on...(3)

Back 9

worldviews, culture, etc.

Front 10

Cultures are marked by ....

Back 10

how they answer questions (this includes values)

Front 11

Cognitive Schemas

Back 11

- we know that rather than storing all things into memory, the brain uses schemas to form impressions of the whole.
- model/diagram/pattern/paradigm
- in acquiring new info, humans must assimilate new material into existing concepts of schemas

Front 12

2 of the most encompassing schemas

Back 12

- person prototypes
- stereotypes

Front 13

person prototype

Back 13

- experiences and repeated personal interactions with people
- traits, verbal and nonverbal behaviours that we believe are characteristics of a certain type of person

Front 14

stereotypes

Back 14

- more complicated pattern, generalized representation of certain types of cultural differences
- snap judgements made to help avoid danger but we have to be careful because they omit specific features.

Front 15

Scripts

Back 15

- structures dealing with certain sequences of actions
- we can feel insecure when travelling because we don't know the script

Front 16

Inferring

Back 16

- impression formation - person perception
- implicit personality theory - connect a series of related interpretations of someone else's behaviour; essentially your theory of what a person's personality must be.
- more sophisticated social perceivers have more categories in their types of ways that they categorize people - this is maturity.

Front 17

Maturity

Back 17

- the ability to have mixed emotions and the ability to deal with ambiguity
- viewing the world as less and less black and white
- more categories - less likely to label

Front 18

Attribution

Back 18

- we create theories or explanations to explain how people are doing
- giving them an intention or a cause

Front 19

"No such thing as an inanimate object"

Back 19

- this is the essence of Aboriginal culture
- it explains so much about what we don't understand about each other

Front 20

"balance - not good or evil"

Back 20

- idea that you need something mischievous in order to upset the apple-cart in order to keep the world together
- what are these ideas of good/evil and heaven/hell that we have swallowed?
- Explains why Aboriginals are so relaxed about their families. They still feel connected with each other even as they were disappointed with each other.
- it allows them to come back. When you cut others off, they can cut you off and it feeds on itself.

Front 21

Impression formation

Back 21

- attribution, stereotyping (person prototype is more intense)
- interpretation - stereotyping is a preconceived and oversimplified idea of the characteristics which typify a person, situation, etc.
- we stereotype all the time

Front 22

Perception Problems (5)

Back 22

- fast-thinking
- avoid overload
- Entertainment
- Snap Judgements
- Fundamental Attribution Error
- Ultimate Attribution Error

Front 23

Fast-thinking

Back 23

- when we think about our own thoughts instead of listening or we are sidetracked by other cues

Front 24

Avoid overload

Back 24

- people tune out in order to preserve physical or emotional health. How do we manage tuning out so that we can still somehow make valuable judgements about things?

Front 25

Entertainment

Back 25

- people fail to pay attention because they are used to getting it in entertaining bunches
- it is important to tune in even when things are not entertaining

Front 26

Snap Judgements

Back 26

- these are what makes us tune out
- we make judgements, with how they look, etc

Front 27

Fundamental Attribution Error

Back 27

- seeing something wrong in the other as due to them rather than due to their situations

Front 28

Ultimate Attribution Error

Back 28

- seeing the positive things as due to their environments and the negative things as due to them.

Front 29

Four things that denote language

Back 29

- verbal + oral (speaking)
- verbal + nonoral (writing)
- non-verbal + oral (tone)
- non-verbal + non-oral (facial expression)

Front 30

Language is...

Back 30

a way of being.

Front 31

Most of what we learn in school about language focuses on _______. It also focuses on two characteristics of language. What are they?

Back 31

- verbal (oral and non-oral)
- It focuses on two characteristics of language (1) system of symbols. Symbolic. (2) an activity - often performs actions. Actions are done, committed by language - like marriage vows. Using language to communicate rules, contracts, etc.

Front 32

Slander

Back 32

- action that is verbal

Front 33

Feminine Talk

Back 33

- used to build and maintain rapport with others
- share personal opinions, express empathy, ask for opinions from others, keep conversation going, be responsive

Front 34

Masculine Talk

Back 34

- functions to assert oneself
- establish status and power
- solve problems

Front 35

Language Guidelines

Back 35

- limit ambiguity
- use jargon carefully

Front 36

Limit Ambiguity

Back 36

- develop inclusive and respectful language
- do want to use metaphors - "like"
- often when people come in for counseling they are not accustomed to talking about feelings - ambiguous/vague

Front 37

Use Jargon Carefully

Back 37

- illustrate your ideas, use examples
- be careful with words like "normal"
- growing up - fair amount of tolerance for physical roughness
- should be more careful - perhaps parents really were asleep at wheel
- affirm own values without excluding or disrespecting others
- political correctness
- creates problems because people feel left out

Front 38

ideosyncrasy credits

Back 38

- jargon term, the "bank account" of goodwill that a group member earns by doing what the group wants and helping the group function
- after a group member has built up an amount of idiosnycracy credits, he or she can make mistakes or even go against the group without being punished or labelled a deviant
- but if you haven't banked enough credits to "pay for" your negative actions, you will be criticized or even asked to leave the group

Front 39

8 nonverbals

Back 39

- kinesics
- proxemics
- haptics
- voice
- silence
- chronemics - communicative use of time

Front 40

Cue

Back 40

- smallest identifiable non-word unit that people notice or respond to.
Such as: pursing lips, facial expressions, raised voice, widening of eyes, wink/shrug, microexpressions
- we notice dilation of pupils and skin tone intuitively

Front 41

Nonverbal Communication definition

Back 41

- all messages of words that people exchange to create a shared meaning. All the things we communicate other than words.
- usually nonverbal and verbal communication occur together
- can be lots of verbal without nonverbal
- 1994 - 60% of social meaning connected to non-verbal behaviours. Often people pay more attention to non-verbal than verbal cues.

Front 42

Hecht, Divito, Guerrero - 1999

Back 42

- primary way to join cultural group is to become familiar with and take on its ways of communicating non-verbally

Front 43

Burgoon Non-verbal

Back 43

#1 - huge role of non-verbal
#2 - misconception
#3 - nonverbal communication helps to create and maintain group identities. Secret handshake, way to greet each other.
#4 - impacts initial encounters or first judgements about other people
- someone's facial expression, how fidgety they are - all of that helps determine how we think of people.
#5 - not up to Kinesics yet. Specifics - usually chunked into different codes. Nap and Hall - organized and chunked non-verbal 1992; gestures, eye contact, touch, or voice

Front 44

How much is the same cross-culturally?

Back 44

- 20%
- facial expressions count as gestures
- all humans employ basically the same gestures, eye behaviour, movements, but the rules for meaning change

Front 45

Kinesics definition and 4 different types

Back 45

- study of body, posture, gestures, facial expressions

4 different types
1. Emblum - structurally identifiable gestures, interpretations, independent from verbal cues, thumbs up

2. Illustrator - gestures that accompany verbal message, emphasize it (pointing to a direction, showing how big, etc.)

3. Regulator - coordinates turn-taking in conversation (nods, turns our body towards someone)

4. Adaptor - hand/arm, movements that occur beyond level of awareness, anxiety, etc

Front 46

How does posture communicate dominance, submission

Back 46

- dominance can be a person sitting back and relaxing, etc
- hands on hips can be seen as defensive, assertive, men/women
- Eg: group of people talking, and when you try to join them, no one moves

Front 47

WiJans/Itkin 1975
Posture - cold behaviour

Back 47

- studied what was rated as cold/warm behaviour
- cold - teeth, shaking hair, etc
- warm - facing directly, moving towards, affirmative head nods, etc

Front 48

Ekman, 1972

Back 48

- joy/happiness
- sadness
- surprise
- anger
- disgust

these are all emotions that are universal non-verbally

Front 49

Cultural differences in non-verbals

Back 49

- People learn to not be too expressive
- Asian cultures mask negative emotions to hide negative
- Southern European cultures highly expressive at home and in public (Latin culture)

Front 50

Eye Contact and Gaze

Back 50

- part of facial expressions, kinesics
- know about eye contact, first behaviour that infants develop. This is attachment
- just seeing caregivers' eyes makes babies smile

Front 51

Andersen, Andersen, Landga 1985

Back 51

- infants who lack mutual eye gaze don't mature that same way, perceptually or socially
- we know that eye contact is very important. White Anglo-Americans see lack of eye contact or not enough eye contact as disinterest, lack of confidence, avoiding contact, or lying
- Native culture, on the other hand, is about not staring into each others' eyes while talking

Front 52

Erikson, 1979

Back 52

- found that African Americans perceive whites as hostile, overbearing - continual eye contact when listening and less when speaking

Front 53

Positive Results of Eye Contact

Back 53

- helps intimacy
- helps people recognize members of the same group. Sense of vulnerability
- women who face prejudice and violence like eye contact. Every women has had sense of being unsafe simply because she is a woman. And experience of finding eyes of another woman to make sure they have others' backs
- expresses emotion
- communicates our feelings of others. We make lots of eye contact at those who are below us, but we make less at people of higher status
- we look more at people we like and who we think like us
- we make and influence credibility judgements. Ethnocentric - increases chances of being considered credible.

Front 54

4 different categories of distance

Back 54

1. intimate distance - contact to 18 inches
2. personal distance - 1-4 ft
3. social distance - 4-12 ft
4. public distance - 12-25 ft

Front 55

Intimate distance - contact to 18 inches

Back 55

- when forced to be this close to strangers, we look away, cross arms, talk, etc
- we allow someone this close when we trust them or lower our defenses

Front 56

personal distance - 1-4 ft

Back 56

- this is most conversation partners in intimate settings. In close range, could still touch, brief pat on shoulder

Front 57

social distance - 4-12 ft

Back 57

- more impersonal distance

Front 58

public distance - 12-25ft

Back 58

- work groups, managers, public speaking

Front 59

Sussman and Rosenfield, 1982

Back 59

- gender difference: women prefer closer distance.
- firstly, women to women; then men to women; then men to men.
- we get father apart from preschool to adulthood

Front 60

Burgoon, Buller, Woodell

Back 60

- touch is important for attachment and good health
- touch is essential factor for the physical, emotional, and psychological well-being of human infants, intellectual, social, and communicative development

Front 61

Stan Jones, Yarbrough 1985

Back 61

- basic interesting things about touch
- we touch to indicate positive feelings, play, control, greeting, goodbye
- but most often control. Trying to get either attention or compliance.

Front 62

Voice

Back 62

- Nonverbal, spoken elements of spoken language
- paralinguistics
- nonverbal/vocal, tone, rate of speech, pitch variation. "I can't believe you did that."
- volume and vocal quality
- sometimes we voluntarily manipulate paralinguistics

Front 63

Silence

Back 63

- in North American culture, silence is seen as conversation failure
- in Asian cultures and in Finland, silence is the most important part of the conversation. It is seen as maturity, reflection
- Aboriginal - understanding different than how raised as well
- Finland - small-talk is moved into the private space of the other

Front 64

Study of the Communicative Use of TIme

Back 64

- 3 kids - biological - lifespan, day and night, seasons
- institutional - times of day and night - works for days, months, years
- cultural - friend running 1/2 marathon. Monochromic - using time. Polychronic - using activities - past/present oriented.

Front 65

Function of Nonverbal Cues

Back 65

1. Primary way to express emotion
2. expresses cultural identity - how we regulate intimacy in use of personal space.
- cultures where people prefer frequent touch are hi contact cultures (India, South America, Geece)
- Cultures where people do not prefer frequent touch are lo contact cultures (Japan and China)
- US and Canada as well as Australia are considered medium contact cultures

Front 66

Life in high-contact cultures

Back 66

- in high contact cultures, eye contact indicates interest.
- many native americans and asians told not to make eye contact with someone of a lower or higher status
- people in high-contact cultures speak more loudly

Front 67

Conflict as an opportunity or destructive force

Back 67

- opportunity - Western, growth, fixing problems, individualistic (my rights)
- destructive - collectivist, group/family, responsibilities, harmony, avoiding conflict, accomodation

Front 68

define conflict (3 definitions)

Back 68

- Conflict is going to occur where uniquenesses meet
- conflict is a sign of engagement and connection
- conflict is an expressed struggle between two interdependent parties who perceive incompatible goals, scarce resources, and interference from others in achieving their goals

Front 69

'expressed struggle between 2 parties'

Back 69

- not an internal struggle. Not about long-standing conflict. Instead, it's about specific communication events.

Front 70

'interdependent parties'

Back 70

- conflicts can only happen when two parties agree to show up and fight. People could walk away (empathy)

Front 71

'perceived incompatible goals'

Back 71

- we are only concerned when someone's actions interfere with a short or long-term goal of ours
- these goals can include assertions that 'this idea I have is true, people should know and agree with me', etc.
- Perceived scarcity of resources - physical, economic, social. In families, space, affection, money, sibling rivalry, perceived scarcity of affection

Front 72

steps to managing conflict (5)

Back 72

1. both sides care
2. interests behind position
3. how we see ourselves
4. resources
5. is the person really between me and my goals?

Even though all conflict requires communication, not all conflict is rooted in a communication problem.

Front 73

Benefits to conflict (7)

Back 73

- better group decisions
- legal system
- can air feeling and clear the air
- telling the truth vs. just being honest - be true to the relationship
- promotes confidence in the relationship
- promote genuine interpersonal conflict
- can change power dynamic in a relationship, increase intimacy

Front 74

Conflict styles

Back 74

- Avoidance
- Accomodation
- Competition
- Compromise
- Collaboration

Front 75

Avoidance

Back 75

- ignoring/dodging topic
- using jokes, being vague about preferences
- your goals - low; others' goals - low; issue: low; rel. high
- can be maturity
- it can be about the relationship or can just be terror and wanting to maintain peace

Front 76

Accommodation

Back 76

- your goals: low; others goals: high; issue: low; rel: high
- women tend to do this more than men
- can be useful if the relationship is too fragile
- can be used to guilt people
- it has advantages - it keeps the peace

Front 77

Competition

Back 77

- conflict seen as win/lose
- responding to own goals, ignoring other, concerned about issue, not relationship
- advantage - in an emergency
- disadvantage - prioritize issue over relationship
-

Front 78

7 tactics people use when competing

Back 78

1. faulting
2. rejection
3. hostile questioning
4. hostile joking
5. accusation
6. avoiding responsibility
7. prescription

Front 79

faulting

Back 79

- statements that directly criticize the personal characteristics of the partner

Front 80

rejection

Back 80

- statements that indicate personal antagonism toward the partner

Front 81

hostile questioning

Back 81

- directive or leading questions that fault the partner

Front 82

accusation

Back 82

- statements that attribute thoughts, feelings, intentions, or motivations to the partner that the partner does not acknowledge

Front 83

avoiding responsibility

Back 83

- statements that minimize or deny personal responsibility for conflict

Front 84

prescription

Back 84

- requests, demands, arguments, threats, or other statements that seek a specified change in a partner's behaviour

Front 85

compromise

Back 85

- some gains and losses on each side
- common parenting technique, marital counciling
- very common, but a bit of a slippery slope
- everything is moderate - each party gains something without a power imbalance
- assumes a level playing field which does not always happen
- one person often loses more - it can be condescending

Front 86

Collaboration

Back 86

- dialogic, nexting, intentionally creating a new reality
- shows concern for all factors
- appeals to social workers because it has high ideals
- parties are aligned in the mutual pursuit of outcomes - win/win. tradeoff is that it is time consuming
- if there is a power imbalance, that is brought forth in the questioning
- produces emergent next questions. Something new is being formed, different net action. Parties are working together to produce a next step that neither would have envisioned accomplishing alone
- encourages descriptive statements, not judgemental or evaluative ones

Front 87

Fractionate

Back 87

- to break the conflict up into something smaller

Front 88

Conflict management techniques (10)

Back 88

-isolate the trigger
- fractionate
- avoid gunny sacking
- nexting
- xyz skill
- relationship reminders
- probing
- role reversal
- diffusing
- time out

Front 89

(Chapter 5)
impression formation

Back 89

- the complex process of integrating or synthesizing a variety of sometimes contradictory observations into a coherent overall 'picture' of a person
- impression you form is basically a combination of traits that are similar or that fit together foryou.
- people differ in how effectively they perceive others

Front 90

(Chapter 7)
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Back 90

- that our language determines how we perceive the world

Front 91

(chapter 7)
Six practical suggestions that emerge from point that language is the human way of being

Back 91

1. develop inclusive or respectful language
2. use metaphors
3. limit ambiguity
4. use jargon carefully
5. illustrate your ideas
6. use examples

Front 92

(Chapter 8)
haptics

Back 92

- the study of communicative touch

Front 93

(Chapter 8)
Nonverbal cues and relationships

Back 93

- many nonverbal cues say, in effect, "this is what I think about myself", "this is how I perceive you" and 'this is what I think you think you think of me."

Front 94

(Chapter 6)
Why do students not listen to instructors?

Back 94

- content - if topic is boring, hard to listen effectively
- context
- characteristics of speaker - frequently reported barriers to students' listening
- issues connected to listener