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395 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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asynchronous
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does not take place in real time; email for example
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synchronous
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occuring at the same time; telephone
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code
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sending ideas via sound waves or light waves;
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encoders
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speakers and writers
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decoders
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listeners or readers
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stimuli
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messages or signals
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feedback
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messages sent back to the speaker concerning reactions about what was just said
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feedforward
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information provided before sending the primary message
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channel
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medium through which message is passed
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signal-to-noise-ratio
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signal = useful; noise = not useful
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context
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influences the form and content of messages
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physical dimension
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tangible or concrete environment in which communication takes place
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temporal dimension
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time of day; moment in history; where a particular message fits into the sequence of communication
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social-psychological dimension
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status relationships among among participants; roles and games that people play; norms of the society group; friendliness, formality, or gravity of the situation
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cultural dimension
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beliefs and customs of the people communicating
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ethics
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moral dimension; right or wrong
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competence
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ability to communicate effectively
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transactional perspective
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process with elements that are interdependent
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captology
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study of the ways in which computer technology and computer mediated communication generally serve persuasive functions
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ambiguity
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occurs when words can be interpreted differently
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symmetrical relationship
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2 individuals mirror each others behavior
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complementary relationship
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2 individuals engage in different behaviors
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punctuation
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tendency to divide communication into sequences of stimuli and responses
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inevitability
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communication even though you think you are not sending a message
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irreversibility
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what you have communicated cannot be reversed
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unrepeatability
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everyone and everything is constantly changing and communication cannot be repeated
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culture
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the relatively specialized lifestyle of a group that is passed from one generation to the next through communication and through genes
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enculturation
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process by which you learn the culture into which you're born
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ethnic identity
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a commitment to the beliefs and philosophy of your culture that can act as a protective shield against discrimination
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acculturation
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process by which you learn the rules and norms of a culture different from your native culture
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power distances
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the distance between those with power and those without power
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masculine culture
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emphasizes success and socialize their people to be assertive, ambitous, and competitive. more likely to fight other cultures and confront conflicts directly
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feminine culture
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emphasizes the quality of life and socialize their poeple to be modest and to emphasize close interpersonal relationships; more likely to emphasize compromise and negotiation; significantly lower depression rates than masculine cultures
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high ambiquity tolerance
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don't feel threatened by unknown situations; uncertainty is a part of life. Singapore, Jamaica, Denmark, Sweden, US
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low ambiguity tolerance
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avoid uncertainty and have a great deal of anxiety about not knowing what will happen next; threatened. Greece, Portugal, Belgium, Japan
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individualist orientation~ individualist culture
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focused on the success of yourself and your immediate family
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collectivist orientation ~ collectivist culture
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members are responsible for the entire group
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high-context culture
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information that was shared through previous communication, through assumptions about one another, and through shared experience. information that is known by all participants but is not explicitly stated in the verbiage
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low-context culture
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most information is explicitly stated in verbiage; USA is considered low context
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intercultural communication
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communication between personds who have different cultural beliefs, values, or ways of behaving
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stereotype
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a fixed impression of a group or people
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ethnocentrism
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tendency to evaluate the beliefs, and behaviors of your own culture as being more positive, logical, and natural than those of other cultures
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self-destructive beliefs
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ideas you have about yourself that are unproductive or that make it more difficult for you to achieve your goals
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affirmation
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positive statements about yourself, statements asserting that something good or positive it true of you
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selective perception
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selective attention and selective exposure
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selective attention
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you attend to those things that you anticipate will fulfill your needs or will prove enjoyable; daydreaming for example
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selective exposure
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exposure to people or messages that will affirm your existing beliefs, contribute to your objectives, or prove satisfying in some way
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proximity
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physical closeness; things that are close are perceived as a unit
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similarity
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things that look alike are percieved as belonging together and forming a unit
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contrast
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when items (people or messages, ie) are very different from each other, you conclude that they don't belong together; they are to different to belong to the same unit
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schemata
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mental templates that help you organize the millions of items of information that you come into contact with every day
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script
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a type of schema, organized body of information about some action, event, or procedure
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interpretation-evaluation
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a step in perception that is greatly influenced by your experiences, physical and emotional state, etc
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self-fulfilling prophecy
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prediction that comes true because you act on it as if it were true
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implicit personality theory
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what makes some choices seem right and others wrong; system of rules that tells you what characteristics go together.
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halo effect
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if you believe that someone has positive qualities you are likely to infer that they also possess other positive qualities
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perceptual accentuation
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leads you to see what you expect, or want to see
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primacy-recency
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if what you learn first exerts the most influence you will exhibit primacy effect. if what is learned last exerts the most influence you will exhibit the recency effect
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consistency
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the tendency to maintain balance among perceptions or attitudes
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attribution
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attributing different motives to differing behaviors
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self-serving bias
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taking credit for the positive and denying responsibility for the negative
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overattribution
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tendency to single out one or two obvious characteristics of a person and attribute everything that person does to this one or two characteristics
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fundamental attribution error
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when we assess someone's behavior but overvalue the contribution of internal factors. leads us to believe that people do what they do because that is the type of person they are, and not because of the situation they are in
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perception checking
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further explore the thoughts and feelings of someone to afford them the chance to elaborate about themselves
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cultural sensitivity
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recognizing and being sensitive to other cultures
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impression management
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has to do with the proecesses you go through to communicate the impression you want others to have of you
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affinity seeking strategies
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the social-communicative process by which
individuals attempt to get others to like and feel positive toward them |
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immediacy strategies
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creating a sense of closeness
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credibility strategy
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seek to establish your competence, character, and your charisma
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self-handicapping strategy
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setting up barriers to success so you can excuse your failure with a reason other than your incompetence
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self-deprecating strategies
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confession of incompetence in a effort to be taken care of
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self-monitoring strategies
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you avoid normal behavior to make others think more highly of you
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influencing strategies
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stressing knowledge, expertise, and your right to lead by virtue of your position
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image-confirming strategies
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behaving in a way that confirms the image that you want others to have of you
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Listening Stage 1: Receiving
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note not only what is said verbally and non-verbally but also what is omitted
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Listening Stage 2: Understanding
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you learn what the speaker means; you grasp both the thoughts and the emotions expressed; one without the othre is unbalanced
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Listening stage 3: Remembering
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remembering something you were told to engage in further, possible later communication
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Listening Stage 4: Evaluating
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consists of judging the messages in some way; sometimes critical
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Listening Stage 5: Responding
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occurs in two phases: response you make while the speaker is talking and responses you make after the speaker has stopped talking. feedback
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display rules
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cultural rules that govern what non-verbal behaviors are appropriate or inappropriate in a public setting
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empathic listening
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attempting to feel what the speaker feels, to see the world from their point of view; empathy
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objective listening
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goes beyond empathy and measures meaning and feelings against some objective reality
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non-judgemental listening
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understanding while suspending judgement
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critical listening
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helps to analyze and evaluate the message
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surface listening
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derived from literal reading of words or sentences
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depth listening
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reveals another level; underlying message and opportunity for a connection with the speaker
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active listening
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process of sending back to the speaker what you think the speaker meant both in content and feeling
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verbal messages
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those sent with words
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bypassing
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miscommunication pattern which occurs when the sender and the receiver miss each other with their meanings
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denotation
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the objective definition of a word
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connotation
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the subjective or emotional meaning of a word
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abstraction
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communication that is less specific
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politeness - positive face
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wish to be viewed positively by others, to be though of favoraby
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politeness - negative face
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desire to be autonomous, to have the right to do as we wish
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assertiveness
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willing to present your ideas even if there is opposition
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disconfirmation
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communication pattern in which you ignore a pesrons presence as well as that person's communications
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rejection
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disagree with the person; you indicate your unwillingness to accept something the other person says or does
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confirmation
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acknowledge the presence of the other person but also indicate your acceptance of this preson, this person's definition of self, and your relationship as defined or viewed by this person
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racist language
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expresses racists attitudes; contributes to the development of racist attitudes in those who use or hear the language
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ableism
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discrimination against people with disabilities
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individual racism
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negative attitudes or beliefs that people hold about a specific race
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institutionalized racism
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seen in patterns such as de facto school segregation, a companie's reluctances to hire certain minorities, or a lending instituion's discrimination
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heterosexism
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attitudes, behaviors, and language that disparage gay men and lesbians and includes the belief that all sexual behavior that is not heterosexual is unnatural and deserving of criticism and condemnation
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institutional heterosexism
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ban on gay marriage in some states; churches, business, military expressing/ forbiding homosexual activity
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heterosexist language
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includes deragatory terms used for lesbians and gay men
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ageism
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prejudice against older people
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individual agism
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general disrespect shown toward older people; negative stereotypes
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institutional ageism
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mandatory retirement laws; age restrictions in certain occupations; media's negative portrayal
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individual sexism
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prejudicial attitudes and beliefs about men or women based on rigid beliefs about gender roles
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institutional sexism
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customs and practices that discriminate agains people because of their gender
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sexist language
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language that puts down someone because of their gender
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cultural identifiers
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words that are used when talking to or about members of a different group; these may change over time
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intensional orientation
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tendency to view people, objects, and events in terms of how they're talked about or labeled rather than in terms of how they actually exist
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extensional orientation
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tendency to look first at the actual people, objects, and events and then at the labels - guided by what you see happening rather than by the way something or someone is talked about or labeled
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allness orientation
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judging the whole on basis of experience with part of the whole
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fact-inference confusion
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barrier to clear judgment where inference is taken for fact
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indiscrimination
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form of stereotyping; focus on classes of individuals, objects, or events and fail to see that each is unique and needs to be examined individually
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power plays
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patterns (not isolated instances) of behavior that are used repeatedly by one person to take unfair advantage of another person
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sexual harassment
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unsolicited and unwanted verbal or non-verbal sexual messages
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identity management
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a strategy of resisting compliance by manipulating the image of the person making a request
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justification
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resisting compliance by giving reasons as to why you should not comply
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nonnegotiation
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resisitng compliance without any attempt to compromise
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negotiation
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you attemp to accomodate to each other or to compromise in some way
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compliance-gaining strategies
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tactics aimed at influencing others to do what the user of the strategies wants them to do
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threatening
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warning that unpleasant things will happen if one doesn't get what one wants
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manipulation
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make the other person feel guilty or jealous enough to give you what you want
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ingratiation
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acting especially kindly: sucking up
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bargaining or promising
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agree to do something if other person does something
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direct request
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simply asking someone to do something
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credibility
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the degree to which other people regard you as believable and therefore worth following
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coercive power
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the ability to administer punishments or remove rewards if others fail to yield to your influence
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reward power
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the ability to reward people
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information or persuasion power
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others see you as having the ability to communicate logically and persuasively
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expert power
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seen as having expertise or knowledge
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legitimate power
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other believe you have the right, by virtue of your position, to influence or control their behavior
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referent power
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power to make others wish to be like you or be identified with you
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argumentativeness
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willingness to argue for a point of view, your tendency to speak your mind on significant issues
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verbal aggressiveness
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unporductive conflict strategy in which one person tries to win an argument by inflicting psychological pain, by attacking the other person's self-concept
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blame
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affixing fault on another peron
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beltlining
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hitting below a person's threshold of criticism
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force
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try to win an argument byphysically or emotionally overpowering the other person
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silencers
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conflict techniques that literally silence the other person
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avoidance
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taking mental or physical flight from a situation
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gunnysacking
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the practice of storing up grievances so they may be unloaded at another time
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conflict
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disagreement or difference of opinion
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interpersonal conflict
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disagreement between or among connecting individuals who perceive their goals as incompatible
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sexual abuse
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unwanted touching, accusations of infidelity without reason, forced sex, or abusive references in sexual terms
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physical abuse
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threats of violence as well as pushing, slapping, kicking, choking, throwing things at you, and breaking things`
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verbal or emotional abuse
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behavior that is humiliating, isolating, or overly critical
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relationship violence
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verbal and emotional, physical, and sexual abuse
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family
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a group of people who consider themselves related and connected to one another and among whom the actions of one member have consequences for others
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love
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feeling characterized by closeness and caring and by intimacy, passion, and commitment
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network convergence
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people begin to share their network of other communicators with each other
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friendship
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interpersonal relationship between two persons that is mutually productive, established and maintained through perceived mutual free choice, and characterized by mutual positive regard
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friendship of reciprocity
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characterized by loyalty, self-sacrifice, mutual affection, and generosity; based on equality
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friendship of receptivity
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there is inbalance in giving and receiving between the two peole involved
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friendship of association
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described as a friendly relationship rather than a true frienship: often with classmates, neighbors, and coworkers
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nonverbal communication
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communication without words
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kinesics
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communication through body movements
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5 types of kinesics
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emblems
illustrations affect displays regulators adaptors |
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emblems
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substitutes for words; they have rather specific verbal translations
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illustrators
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accompany and literally illustrate verbal messages. make communication more vivid
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affect displays
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movements of the face that convey emotional meaning
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regulators
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monitor, maintain, or control speaking of another individual
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adaptors
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satisfy some need and usually occur without conscious awareness; unintentional movements that usually go unoticed
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self-adaptors
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usually satisfy a physical need, generally serving to make you more comfortable. ex. scratching itch, moisten lips
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alter-adapters
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body movements you make in response to your current interactions. ex. crossing arms
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object-adaptors
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movements that involve manipulation of some object. chewing pen, clicking pencil, doodling
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facial management techniques
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enable you to communicate feelings to achieve the effect you want; to hide or to emphasize
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facial feedback hypothesis
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expressing emotions facially; expressions that influence physiological arousal
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occulesis
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study of the messages communicated by the eyes
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eye contact to monitor feedback
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watching someone to see their reaction to what you are saying
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eye contact to secure attention
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you maintain eye contact to ensure the attention and interest of your listeners
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eye contact to regulate the conversation
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regulate, manage, and control the conversation. ex. use eye contact to inform the other person that they should speak
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eye contact to signal the nature of the relationship
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used to indicate negative or positive regard
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eye contact to signal status
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used to signal status or agression. looking at someone too long may appear hostile
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eye contact to compensate for physical distance
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when you catch someones eye you become psychologically closer despite physical distance
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eye avoidance
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can allow others to maintain their privacy; can signal a lack of interest; shutting eyes is used even to avoid auditory stimuli
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civil innattention
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Erving Goffman's - when you turn your eyes away you say that you don't mean to intrude
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pupillometrics
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study of how the dilation, or constriction of pupils effects the other persons reaction to your verbal and non-verbal communication
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tactile communications
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also referred to haptics; touch
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touch avoidance
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avoiding contact with others in certain situations
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paralanguage
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vocal but non verbal dimension of speech; how you say it not what you say
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Spiral of Silence Theory
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when controversial issues arise you're more likely to voice agreement rather than disagreement
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proxemics
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space; distance
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intimate distance
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where the presence of another is unmistakable; usually within 18"
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personal distance
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a protective bubble that allows you to stay protected and untouched by others
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social distance
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ranges from 4 to 12 feet; you loose the visual detail that was present within personal distance
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public distance
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usually ranges from 12 to more than 25 feet; at this distance you are able to take defensive action when threatened
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protection theory
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you establish a body buffer zone around yourself to protect against unwanted touch or attack
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equilibrium theory
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intimacy and interpersonal distance vary together; the greater the intimacy the closer the distance
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expectancy violation theory
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explains what happens when you increase or decrease the distance between yourself and another person
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territoriality
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possesive reaction to an area or objects
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primary or home territories
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areas that you would call your own; room, desk, office, home
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secondary territories
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areas that don't belong to you but you have occupied; break room, elevator, restroom
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public territories
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open to all people; restuarant, HEB, Mall
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home field advantage
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operating in your primary territory
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central markers
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items placed in a territory to reserve it for yourself; books on desk, drink at bar
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boundary markers
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divide territory from that of others; fence
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ear markers
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identifying marks that indicate possession of a territory or object
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territorial encroachment
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invasion on the territory of another person
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withdrawal reaction to territorial encroachment
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you leave the scene
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turf defense reaction to territorial encroachment
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defend territory against encroachment
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insulation reaction to territorial encroachment
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erecting barriers between yourself and those who would encroach your territory
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linguisitc collusion reaction to territorial encroachment
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speaking in a language or jargon that the "invaders" don't understand
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artifactual communication
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messages conveyed by objects that are made by hunan hands
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color communication
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debt is "in the red"; profit is "in the black"; sad is "blue"
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cultural display
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communicates your cultural and subcultural affiliations
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olfactory communication
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smell
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temporal communication
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messages communicated by time orientation and treatment of time
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chronemics
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study of the communication function of time
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psychological time
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refers to a person's emphasis on, or orientation toward, the past, present, or future
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turn-taking cues
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signals that you are ready to listen, to comment, or to speak
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cultural display rules
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rules about appropriate display of emotion in public
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informal time terms
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forever; immediately; soon; right away; as soon as possible
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monochronic or polychronic time orientations
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monochronic - schedule on thing at a time
polychronic - schedule multiple things at the same time |
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cherishing behaviors
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those small gestures you enjoy receiving from your partner
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relationship communication
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communication between or among intimates or those in close relationships; used by theorists as synonomous with interpersonal communication
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relationship maintenance
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behaviors that serve to continue your relationship
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relationship license
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a license to violate some relationship expectation, custom, or rule
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comparison level
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a general idea of the kinds of rewards and profits that you feel you ought to get out of such a relationship
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equity theory
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uses the ides of social change, but goes up a step further and claims that you develop and maintain relationships in which the ratio of your rewards relative to your costs is approximately equal to your partner's
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profit
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what results when the cost are subtracted by the rewards
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costs
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things that you normally try to avoid, that you consider unpleasant or difficult
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rewards
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anything that you would incur costs to obtain
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social exchange theory
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cliams that you develop relationships that will enable you to maximise your profits
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depenetration
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when a relationship begins to deteriorate, the breadth and depth will, in many ways, reverse themselves
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breadth
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how many topics partners talk about
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depth
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the degree to which you penetrate the inner personality-the core-of the other individual
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social penetration theory
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a theory of what happens when relationships develop
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relationship dialects theory
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argues that people in a relationship experience dynamic tensions between pairs of opposing motives or desires
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rules theory
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relationships are held together by adherence to certain rules
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complementary
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the way a dominant person may be attracted to a submissive partner
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similarity
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attracted to partner who would act, look, and think very much like you
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attraction
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the process by which one individual is emotionally drawn to another and finds that person satisfying to be with you
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attraction theory
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people develop relationships on the basis of attractiveness, proximity, similarity
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relationship dissolution
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the bonds between individuals are broken
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relationship repair
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one or both parties seek to improve a deteriorating relationship
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relationship deterioration
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the connecting bonds between the partners weaken and the partners begin drifting apart
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intimacy
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the closest personal relationship
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involvment
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further advancing the relationship, first testing each other and then intensifying your interaction
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contact
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seeing or talking with someone
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turning points
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significant relationship events that have important consequences for the individuals and the relationship and may turn its direction or trajectory
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excuses
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explanations or actions that lessen the negative implications of an actor's performance, thereby maintaining a positive image for oneself and others
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disclaimer
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a statement that aims to ensure that your message will be understood and will not reflect negatively on you
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grapevine messages
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messages that do not follow any formal organizational structures; gossip related to a workplace or other community
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lateral communication
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messages between equals-manager to manager, worker to worker
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downward communication
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messages sent from the higher levels to the lower levels of the hierarchy
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upward communication
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messages sent from the lower levels of a hierarchy to the upper levels
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social information processing theory
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argues that whether you're communicating face-to-face or online, you can communicate the same degree of personal involvement and develop similar close relationships
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social presence theory
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argues that the bandwidth of communication (the number of message cues exchanged) influences the degree to which the communication is personal or impersonal
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self-disclosure
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communicating information about yourself (usually info that you would normally keep hidden) to another person
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interruptions
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attempts to take over the role of the speaker
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back-channeling cues
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used to communicate various types of information back to the speaker without your assuming the role of the speaker
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listener cues
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cues to let people know you do or do not want to take certain roles in the conversation
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speaker cues
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cues to let people know whether you want to keep speaking or turn the role over to another
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conversational turns
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the changing (or maintaining) of the speaker or listener role during the conversation
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dialogue
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a form of communication form where each person is both speaker and listener; communication characterized by involvement, concern, and respect for the person
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monologue
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communication in which one person speaks and the other listens; there's no real interaction among participants
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manner maxim
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a priciple of conversation that holds that speakers cooperate by being clear and by organizing their thoughts into some meaningful and coherent pattern
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relation maxim
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a principle of cooperation in conversation that holds that speakers communicate by talking about what is relevant and by not talking about what isn't
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quality maxim
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a principle of conversation that holds that speakers cooperate by saying what they think is true and by not saying what they think is false
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quantity maxim
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a principle of conversation that holds that speakers cooperate by being only as informative as necessary to communicate their intended meanings
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conversational maxims
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principles that are followed in conversation to ensure that the goal of the conversation is achieved
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cooperation
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an interpersonal process by which individuals work together for a common end
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detour taker
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begins to talk about a topic and then goes off persuing a totally different subject
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monlogist
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gives speeched rather than engaging in dialogue
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complainer
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has many complaints and rarely tires of listing each of them
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moralist
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evaluates and judges everyone and everything
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inactive responder
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gives no reaction regardless of what you say
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story teller
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tells stories, too oftne substituting them for two-way conversation
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interrogator
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asks questions about everything, even about matters that are obvious or irrelevant
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egotist
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talks only about topics that are self-related
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doomsayer
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ultimate negative thinker; everything is a problem
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arguer
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listens only to find something to take issue with
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thought completer
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knows exactly what you're going to say and so says it for you
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self-discloser
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discloses more than you need or want to hear
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advisor
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regularly and consistently gives advice; whether you want it or not
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psychiatrist
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analyzes everything you say and mind-reads your motives
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taboos
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topics or language that should be avoided, especially by outsiders
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phatic communication
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a message that establishes a connection between two people and open up the channels for meaningful interaction
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ventilation hypothesis
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the notion that expressing emotions allows you o ventilate your negative feelings and that this will have a beneficial effect on your physical health, your mental well-being, and even your interpersonal relationships
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anger management
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the methods and techniques by which anger is controlled and managed
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I-messages
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messages in which you accept responsibility for your personal thoughts and behaviors; messages in which you state your point of view
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anger
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a generally unproductive emotion of strong feelings of displeasure, annoyance, or hostility
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owning feelings
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taking responsibility for feelings
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emotional appeals
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persuasive tactics directed at arousing emotional responses
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emotional contagion
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the idea that the emotions of one person are often tranferred to another person
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display rules
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rules or customs that govern what is, and what is not, permissible emotional communication
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gender display rules
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cultural rules that identify what are and what are not appropriate form of expression for males and females
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blended emotions
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emmotions that are combinations of the primary emotions; disappointment is a blend of suprise and sadness
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primary emotions
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basic emotions usually identifies as joy, acceptance, fear, suprise, sadness, disgust, anger and anticipation
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emotional communication
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the expression of feelings-for example, feelings of guilt, happiness, or sorrow
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emotions
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the feelings we have-for example our feelings of guilt, anger, or love
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adjustment
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extent to which communicators share the same system of signals
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altercasting
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placing the speaker in a specific role for a specific purpose and asking that they assume the perspective of the specific role
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ambiguity tolerance
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degree to which members of a culture feel comfortable with ambiguity or uncertainty
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apology
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expression of regret or sorrow
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attention
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responding to stimuli; consciousness of responding is implied
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attitude
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predisposition to respond for or against an object, person, or position
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attribution theory
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process of assigning causation or motivation to a person's behavior
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behavioral synchrony
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similarity in behavior between 2 people; generally taken as an indicator of liking
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belief
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confidence in the existence or truth of something; conviction
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certainty
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an attitude of closed-mindedness that creates defensiveness among communicators
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cliche
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an expression whose overuse calls attention to itself
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cognitive labeling theory
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you experience emotions according the following steps 1) event occurs 2) you respond physiologically 3) you interpret the arousal - you decide what emotions you are experiencing 4) you experience the emotion
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communication aprehension
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fear or anxiety about communicating
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compliance-resisting strategies
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behaviors directed at restricting the persuasive attempts of others
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confidence
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comfortable, at ease feeling in interpersonal communication
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conversational management
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management of the way messages are exchanged in conversation
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cultural assimilation
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process by which a person's culture is given up and taking on values and beliefs of another culture
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cultural rules
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standards and customs that are specific to a culture
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cultural time
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the meanings given to the ways time is treated in a particular culture
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decoding
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taking messages in one form and translating it into another form from which meaning can be derived
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defensiveness
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attitude or atmosphere characterized by threats, fear, and domination
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denial
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ignore or refuse to acknowledge your emotions to yourself or others
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direct speech
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speaker's intentions are stated clearly and directly
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dyadic communication
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2 person communication
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dyadic consciousness
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awareness on the part of the participants that an interpersonal relationship or pairing exists between them
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dyadic effect
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tendency of behaviors of one person to stimulate similar behaviors in the other
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dyssemia
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inability to appropriately read the nonverbal messages of others or communicate meanings nonverbally
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euphemism
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polite word or phrase used to substitute for some taboo or less polite term or phrase
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extensional devices
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linguistice devices proposed by Alfred Korzybski to make language more accurate means for talking about the world. etc, date, index
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face-detracting conflict strategy
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strategies that attack a person's positive face or a person's negative face
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face-enhancing strategies
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strategies that support and confirm a person's positive or negative face
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factual statement
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made by observer after observation and limited to what is observed
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flexibility
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vary message based upon the unique situation in which you find yourself
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General Semantics
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study of the relationships among language, thought, and behavior
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gossip
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oral or written communication about someone not present usually about matters that are private
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impression formation
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process by which you perceive another person and ultumately come to some kind of evaluation or interpretation of that person
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inclusion
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principle of verbal interaction holding that all members should be a part of the interaction
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index
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an extensional device used to emphasize the assumption that no two things are the same and symbolized by a subscript
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indirect speech
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speech that hides the speaker's true intentions; speech in which requests and observations are made indirectly
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inferential statement
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made by anyone, is not limited to what is observed, and can be made at any time
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information overload
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condition in which the amount of complexity of information is too great to be dealt with effectively by an individual, group, or organization
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in-group talk
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talk about a subject or in a vocabulary that some people present understand and others do not; has the effect of excluding those who do not understand
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interaction management
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quality of interpersonal effectiveness in which the interaction in controlled managed to the satisfaction of both parties
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interpersonal effectiveness
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ability to accomplish interpersonal goals; interpersonal communication that is satisfying to both parties
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interpersonal perception
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the process through which you become aware of, interpret, and evaluate people and their behavior
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interruptions
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verbal and nonverbal attempts to take over the role as speaker
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listening
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an active process of receiving aural stimuli consisting of five stages: receiving, understanding, remembering, evaluating, and responding
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long-term memory
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memory that is unlimited in storage capacity and that holds information for long periods of time
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markers
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devices that signify that a certain territory belongs to a certain person
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matching hypothesis
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proposition that you date and mate people who are similar to yourself - who match you - in degree of physical attractiveness
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meaningfulness
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principle of perception that assumes that the behavior of people is sensible, stems from some logical antecedent, and is therefore meaningful rather than meaningless
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mentoring relationship
|
experienced individual trains less experienced individual
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mere exposure hypothesis
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theory that repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus may result in a change in attitude toward the stimulus object, generally in the direction of increased positiveness
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message
|
any signal or combination of signals that serves as a stimulus for a receiver
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metacommunication
|
communication about communication
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metalanguage
|
language that refers to language
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metamessage
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message that makes reference to another message. "Did I make myself clear"
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mindfulness
mindlessness |
state of relative awareness.
mindful: aware of the logic and rationality of your behaviors and the logical connections existing among elements. Mindless: you're unaware |
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mixed messages
|
message that communicated two different and often contradictory meanings
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negative face
|
the desire to be autonomous; to have the right to do as you wish
|
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models
|
representation of an object or process
|
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negative feedback
|
feedback that serves a corrective function by informing the source that their message is not being received in the way intended
|
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networking
|
connect with people who can help you accomplish a goal or help you find information related to your goal
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neutrality
|
response pattern lacking in personal involvement; encourages defensiveness
|
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noise
|
anything that interferes with your receiving a message as the source intended the message to be received
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nonallness
|
understanding that you can never know all about anything and that what you know, say, or hear is only a part of what there is to know, say, or hear
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nonverbal dominance
|
behavior that allows one person to achieve psychological dominance over another
|
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object language
|
language used to communicate about objects, events, and relations in the world
|
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|
openness
|
a quality of interpersonal effectiveness encompassing...
1) your willingness to interact openly with others, to self-disclose as appropriate; 2) your willingness to react honestly to incoming stimuli; 3) your willingness to own your own feelings and thoughts |
|
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opinion
|
a tentative conclusion concerning some object, person, or event
|
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other-orientation
|
a quality of interpersonal effectiveness involving attentiveness, interest, and concern for the other person
|
|
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outing
|
gay/lesbian/etc status revealed by someone in public without the consent of the gay/lesbian/etc individual
|
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passive listening
|
listening that may be attentive and supportive but that occurs without the listener's talking or directing the speaker in any nonverbal way
|
|
|
pauses
|
silent periods in the normally fluent stream of speech
2 Types filled or vocalized pauses filled with er, um, etc unfilled pauses that are silent |
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perception
|
process by which you become aware of objects, events, and people through your senses
|
|
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personal rejection
|
an unproductive conflict strategy in which one person withholds love and affection and seeks to win the argument by getting the other person to break down under this withdrawl
|
|
|
pitch
|
highness or lowness of the vocal tone
|
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polarization
|
form of fallacious reasoning by which only two extremes are considered
|
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positive face
|
the desire to be viewed positively by others, to be though of favorably
|
|
|
positive feedback
|
feedback that supports or reinforces the continuation of behavior along the same lines in which it is already proceeding, as when applause during a speech encourages the speaker to continue speaking this way
|
|
|
positiveness
|
a characteristic of effective communication involving positive attitudes towards oneself, toward the interpersonal interaction, and toward expressing these attitudes to others along with acceptance and approval
|
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|
power
|
the ability to influence or control the behavior of another person; an inevitable part of interpersonal relationships
|
|
|
primary affect displays
|
communication of the six primary emotions: happiness, surprise, fear, anger, sadness, and disgust/contempt
|
|
|
primary relationship
|
relationship between two people what they consider their most (or one of their most) important
|
|
|
projection
|
psychological process whereby you attribute characteristics or feelings of your own to others; often, the process whereby you attribute your faults to others
|
|
|
provisionalism
|
an attitude of open-mindedness that leads to the development of a supportive relationship and atmosphere
|
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|
proximity
|
physical closeness
|
|
|
Pygmalion effect
|
condition in which you make a prediction of success, act as if the prediciton were true, and thereby make it come true.
A type of self-fulfilling prophecy |
|
|
rate
|
speed with which you speak
|
|
|
relationship dimension
|
demension of messages that comments on the relationship between the speakers rather than on matters external to them
|
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|
resemblance
|
principle of perception; tendency to perceive people or events that are similar in appearance as belonging together
|
|
|
rules theory
|
describes relationships as interactions governed by a series of rules that couples agree to follow
|
|
|
self-attribution
|
process by which you seek to account for and understand the reasons and motivations for your own behaviors
|
|
|
semantics
|
area of language concerned with meaning
|
|
|
social comparison process
|
process by which you compare yourself with others and then assess and evaluate yourself on the basis of comparison; a source of self-concept
|
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|
stability
|
principle of perception holding that your perceptions of things and of people tend to be relatively consistent with your previous conceptions
|
|
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static evaluation
|
orientation that fails to recognize that the world is constantly changing
|
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subjectivity
|
principle of perception holding that your perceptions are not objective but are influenced by your wants and needs, your expectations and predictions
|
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supportiveness
|
behavior that is descriptive rather than evaluative and provisional rather than certain.
an attitude of an idividual or an atmosphere in a group that is characterized by openess, absence of fear, and a feeling of quality |
|
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uncertainty reduction theory
|
applied to interpersonal relationships, theory holding that as relationships develop, uncertainty is reduced; relationship development is seen as a process through which individuals reduce their uncertainty about each other
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encoding
|
selecting the symbols you think the receiver will understand. Biggest single power that a communicator has, when communication fails it is always the sender's fault
|
