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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ambiguous Language
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*Language consisting of words and phrases that have more than one commonly accepted definition
-Language is understood by agreement -Many times ambiguous language causes language to be misunderstood -Interpretation rests on the receiver, clarity may be needed |
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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
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*The best-known declaration of linguistic relativism, formulated by Benjamin Whorf and Edward Sapir
-Linguistic relativism is the worldview of a culture is shaped and reflected by the language its members speak -If I use a word long enough/ with enough experience, it couses me to think in "this" way-shapes thought -Language is alive-always changing (ex. love) -Sapir and Whorf believe language represents reality/the world -why do cultures think differently? Because that is their eperience -Language individuals use exerts a strong influence on their percetions |
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abstract language
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*Abstract ladder-a range of more abstract to less abstract terms describing an event or object
-High level abstractions are more general (ex. "intellectual activity") -Low level abstractions are more specific and concrete (ex. "exam/test") -There is an unlimited number of levels -High level abstractions can cause problems: can be hard to understand the meaning, can lead to stereotyping, and can confuse others |
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Convergence
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*The process of adapting one's speech style to match that of others whom one wants to identify
-we end up speaking like the people around us -builds solidarity with others -shows affiliation with others by adapting their speech style -Also occurs in online community languages |
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inferences
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*Inferential statement-a statement based on an interpretation of evidence
-Assumptions -Difficulties can arise when factual statements are confused with inferential statements -Everything in the future is an inference -We make inferences everyday |
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powerless speech
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*Forms of speech that communicate to others a lack of power in the speaker: hedges, hesitations intensifiers, and so on.
-Women need to develop strong power language (rather than powerless) -stand up for what you believe in-in a non-confrontational way -Certain mannerisms demonstrate powerless speech-such as "i guess", "I'm kinda", "uh", "umm" etc. |
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"we" language
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*The use of first-person-plural pronouns to include others, either appropriately or inappropriately. Language implying that the issue being discussed is the concern and responsibility of both the speaker and the receiver of a message
-Helps build a constructive climate-a "we are together in this" type of climate -Helps couples in a relationship -But can be presumptuous since you're speaking for the other person as well as yourself |
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chronemics
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*The study of how people use and structure time
-can be both epressed with intentional and unintentional messages -dependent on culture-ex. punctuality is important in some cultures and doesn't matter in others |
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haptics
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*The study of touch in human communication
-some are consensual and wanted -others are inappropriate |
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Kinesics
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*The study of body movements
-such as eyes -preening-part of identity management-trying to make yourself look good-ex. combing your fingers through your hair when a cute boy/girl walks into the room |
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personal distance
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*One of Hall's four distance zones, ranging from 18 inches to 4 feet
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proxemics
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*The study of how people and animals use space
-Everyone has their own personal bubble -Vary according to the culture in which we were raised -the distance we put between ourselves and others -can give nonverbal cues, -Hall's four distances: 1)Intimate Distance(skin contact-18 inches), 2) Personal Distance(18 inches-4 feet) 3) Social Distance (4 feet-12 feet), 4) Public Distance (12 feet +) |
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Territory
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*A stationary area claimed by a person or animal
-often obvious in dormitories -used in libraries-at tables with strangers studying alone -territories in both private and public areas -invasions of one's territory can be threatening |
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paralanguage
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*Nonlinguistic means of vocal expression, for example, rate, pitch, and tone
-Voice -Describes the way a message is spoken -Emphasis can give the same word or words many meanings -includes pauses and disfluencies (stammering and using uh, um, and er) -Listeners pay more attention to paralanguage than to the content of the words when asked to determine a speaker's attitudes |
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advising
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*(response) A listening response in which the receiver offers suggestions about how the speaker should deal with a problem
-Only advise if asked for-if they don't ask for your advice, then don't give it to them-they may just need to talk -Advising can sometimes not be helpful-may not offer the best suggestion about how to act, may be harmful, allows others to avoid responsibility for their decisions -Use empathy-what do they want to do/what is best for them |
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Ambushing
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*A style in which the receiver listens carefully in order to gather information to use in an attack on the speaker
-a type of poor listening habits -attack what the person has to say -initiates defensiveness from the other person |
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hearing
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*The first stage in the listening process, in which sounds waves are received by a communicator
-not identical to listening -sound waves strike the eardrum and cause vibrations that are transmitted to the brain -You can't stop hearing (minus injury, illness, or ear plugs)-automatic -Sometimes we automatically and unconsciously block out irritating sound-we still hear them-just don't process them |
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listening
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*The process of hearing, attending, understanding, remembering, and responding to messages
-75%-90% of your time is spent listening -Directed we are creating meaning-we are reconstructing |
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Listening fidelity
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*The degree of congruence between what a listener understands and what the message-sender was attempting to communicate
-takes skill to understand others' messages -listen to understand and retain information -listening fidelity decreases when it is not a personal desire to understand |
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empathizing
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*(response)-A listening response that conveys identification with a speakers perceptions and emotions
-involves perspective taking, emotional contagion, and genuine concern -Empathizing is putting the attitude of empathy into verbal and nonverbal responses -a true empathizing statement emerges from a relationship |
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filling in the gaps
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*A listening habit that involves adding details never mentioned by a speaker to complete a message
-A poor listening habit -people manufacture information so that when they retell what they listened to, they can give the impression they "got it all" -this message is actually distorted |
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Mindful listening
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*Careful and thoughtful attention and responses to others' messages
-tend to listen mindfully when a message is important to you and when someone you care about is speaking about a matter that is important to him or her -give them your complete and undivided attention |
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mindless listening
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*Reacting to others' messages automatically and routinely, without much mental involvement/investment
-not necessarily negative-just a low-level information processing which can be valuable since it frees us to focus our minds on messages that require careful attention -its impossible to listen carefully and thoughtfully to 100% of our conversations -forgo careful analysis-many during a day are processed mindlessly |
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paraphrasing
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*Restating a speaker's thoughts and feelings in the listener's own words
-should do it before responding -use other words -can be extremely valuable because it leads to understanding -can be useful during times of tension-helps with feelings -has to phases: 1) information-data 2) feelings and attitudes |
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Self-talk
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*The nonvocal, internal monologue that is our process of thinking
-key to understanding and changing feelings which lie in the pattern of though -like a little voice whispering in your ear -we are always thinking-self talk rarely stops |
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fallacy of should
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*The irrational belief that people should behave in the most desirable way
-"I should do this"-but you don't have to unless you want to -a source of unhappiness -inability to distinguish between what is and what should be -sometimes a preference that can't happen -three bad consequences: 1)preoccupation leads to unhappiness, 2)obsession keeps you from changing unsatisfying conditions, 3)tends to build a defensive climate in others |
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fallacy of perfection
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*The irrational belief that a worthwhile communicator should be able to handle every situation with complete confidence and skill
-"I always have to be perfect" -that's not going to happen -can be a goal and a source of inspirations but its unrealistic -no one is perfect -accepting your not perfect can make you feel more liberated |
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Fallacy of Helplessness
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*The irrational belief that satisfaction in life is determined by forces beyond one's control
-if you believe you can't do it, your not going to be able to o it -people continuously see themselves as victims -few paths are ever completely closed -many times people think they "cant" because they don't want to |
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rumination
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*Recurrent thoughts not demanded by the immediate environment
-catastrophic thinking often takes the form of rumination -the worst is not going to happen -example-a jealous girlfriend is worried about her boyfriend cheating on her, so she dwells on imagined situations that cause distress |
