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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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communication through symbols; people talking to each other
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Symbolic interaction
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coined term symbolic interactionism
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Herbert Blumer
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Three core principles
of symbolic interaction |
Meaning
Language Thought |
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arises out of social interactions people have with each other (it’s not inherent in objects)
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meaning
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is the way we learn to interpret the world
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Symbolic interactionism
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An individual’s interpretation of symbols
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is modified by his or her own thought processes
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inner dialogue used to test alternatives, rehearse actions, and anticipate reactions before responding
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Minding
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In taking the role of the other
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Animals act instinctively; humans have brain wired for thought
“Humans require social stimulation and exposure to abstract symbol systems to embark upon conceptual thought processes” Humans have unique capacity to take role of the other |
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Looking-glass-self –
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mental self-image that results from taking the role of the other
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Self is
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a function of language
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"I" in the looking glass self is
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spontaneous driving force that fosters all that is novel, unpredictable, and unorganized in the self
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"Me" in the looking glass self is
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Objective self; image of self seen when one takes the role of the other
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The “me” is viewed as an objec
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the image of self seen in the looking-glass of other people’s reactions
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Community consists of
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individual actors who make their own choices
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Generalized Other
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composite mental image person has of his or her self based on community expectations and responses
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Persons-in-conversation
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co-construct their own social realities and are simultaneously shaped by the worlds they create
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Success of theory
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it helps create social worlds in which we want to live
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Social constructionists believe
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Experience of “persons-in-conversation” is the primary social process of human life
The way people communicate is often more important than what they say Actions of persons-in-conversation are reflexively reproduced as the interaction continues CMM researchers see themselves as curious participants in a pluralistic world |
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Reflexivity
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process by which the effects of our words and action on others bounce back and affect us
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Stories lived
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Co-constructed actions that we perform with others
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Stories told
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Narratives used to make sense of stories lived
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Story telling is
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the central act of communication, but stories are embedded within multiple contexts, or frames
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rank-order of relative significance of contexts that encompass a story as an aid to interpretation
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Hierarchy of meaning
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any verbal or nonverbal message as part of an interaction; basic building block of social universe people create
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Speech act
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Episode
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“nounable” sequence of speech acts with a beginning and end that are held together by a story
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Relationship
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emerge from dynamic dance of coordinated actions and managed meanings
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Identities
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continually crafted though the process of communication; self-images become a context for managing meaning
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Culture
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webs of shared meaning and values
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Coordination
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process by which persons collaborate in an attempt to bring into being their vision of what is necessary, noble, and good and to preclude the enactment of what they fear, hate, or despise
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Personal space
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invisible, variable, volume of space surrounding an individual that defines his or her preferred distance from others
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Edward Hall believed
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most spatial interpretation is outside of awareness
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Proxemics
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study of people’s use of space as a special elaboration of culture
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Proxemic Zones of Americans
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--Intimate distance (0 to 18 inches)
--Personal distance (18 inches to 4 feet) --Social distance (4 to 12 feet) --Public distance (12+ feet) |
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Expectancies exert
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significance influence on people’s interaction patterns
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Relational arousal
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heightened state of awareness, orienting response, or mental alertness that stimulates review of relationship
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Expectancy
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what people predict will happen, rather than what they desire
--Context --Relationship --Communicator Characteristics |
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Violation valence
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perceived positive or negative value assigned to breach of expectations, regardless of the violator
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Communicator reward valence
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sum of positive and negative attributes brought to the encounter, plus potential to reward or punish in future
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Constructivism
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seeks to explain individual differences in people’s ability to communicate skillfully in social situations
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Interpersonal constructs
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contrasting features we use to classify other people; templates or stencils
Ex: Homeless man’s constructs Ex: Your constructs of politicians |
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Cognitive complexity
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mental ability to distinguish subtle personality and behavior differences among people
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Differentiation
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number of separate personality constructs used to portray the person in question
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Person-centered messages
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tailor-made message crafted for a specific individual and context
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3-stage process of goals (primary and multiple primary) assessed, plans selected, and tactics enacted (action)
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Message production
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Goals?
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What do I want to accomplish?
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Plans?
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use of Procedural records – recollection of action taken in a specific situation and its consequence
If-when-then implications |
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Action?
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Delia wants to explain, predict, and promote person-centered messages
Women use person-centered messages more than men do |
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Social penetration
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process of developing deeper intimacy with another person through mutual self-disclosure and other forms of vulnerability
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Personality structure
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onion-like layers of beliefs and feelings about self, others and the world
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Self-disclosure
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voluntary sharing of personal history, preferences, attitudes, feelings, values, secrets, etc. with another person
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Depth of penetration
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degree of disclosure in a specific area of an individual’s life
Depth of penetration determines and represents the degree of intimacy and personal disclosure |
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Breadth of penetration
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range of areas in individual’s life over which disclosure takes place
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Altman & Taylor’s 4 Observations
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---Peripheral items are exchanged more frequently and sooner than private information
---Self-disclosure is reciprocal, especially in early stages of relationship development Law of reciprocity ---Penetration is rapid at start but slows quickly as the tightly wrapped inner layers are reached. ---Depenetration is a gradual process of layer-by-layer withdrawal |
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SPT was heavily influenced by
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Social Exchange Theory
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Relationship behavior and status is regulated by
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both parties’ evaluations of perceived rewards and costs of interaction with each other
---Comparison Level (CL) ---Comparison Level of Alternatives (CL alt) ---Outcome = rewards minus costs |
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Berger contends that
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“the beginnings of personal relationships are fraught with uncertainties.”
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Any of these 3 prior conditions can boost our drive to reduce uncertainty
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---Anticipation of future interaction
---Incentive value ---Deviance |
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Berger’s two kinds of uncertainty:
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1) Behavioral questions
2) Cognitive questions (the focus of URT) |
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What is a Axiom?
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– self-evident truth that requires no additional proof
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A proposition that logically and necessarily follows from two axioms
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Theorem
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Berger convinced
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we continually construct cognitive plans to guide our social action
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Message plans are
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mental representations of action sequences that may be used to achieve goals
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Uncertainty is
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central to social interaction
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Computer-mediated communication (CMC) is
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text-based messages, which filter out most nonverbal cues
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Social presence theory is
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earlier theory that suggested CMC deprives uses of the sense that another person is involved in interactions
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Media richness theory
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purports that CMC bandwidth too narrow to convey rich relational messages
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Cues filtered out
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interpretation of CMC that regards lack of nonverbal cues as fatal flaw for using the medium for relationship development
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Walther’s social information processing (SIP) theory
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Relationships grow only to the extent that parties first gain information about each other and use that information to form interpersonal impressions about each
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Impression formation
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composite mental image one person forms of another
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When motivated to form impressions and develop relationships, communicators employ any cue system available
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Verbal cues
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Impressions formed at reduced rate because exchange of social information through CMC is much slower
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Extended time
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Walther claims human need for affiliation is
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just as active when people communicate online as when they are face-to-face
---Verbal and nonverbal cues can be used interchangeably |
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Comparative study suggests
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affinity for another person can be expressed just as well through digital medium or face-to-face
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CMC users employ
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verbal-only medium to convey a level of relational communication that eventually equals the affect expressed face-to-face through multiple channels
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Length of time CMC users have to send messages is
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a key factor that determines whether messages achieve level of intimacy that others develop in face-to-face relationships
-----CMC takes at least four times longer |
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Anticipated future interaction
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way of extending psychological time
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Chronemics
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study of people’s systematic handling of time in interaction with others
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Hyperpersonal
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claim that CMC relationships are often more intimate than those developed when partners are physically together
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Selective self-presentation
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online positive portrayal without fear of contradiction that enables people to create an overwhelmingly favorable impression
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Social identity-deindividuation (SIDE)
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theory that suggests CMC users overestimate similarity with others they meet in an online interest group
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Asynchronous channel
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nonsimultaneous medium of communication that each individual can use when he or she desires
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Self-fulfilling prophecy
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tendency for person’s expectation of others to evoke a response that confirms what was originally anticipated
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Baxter and Montgomery analyzed
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tensions in relationships
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Forces in our relationships
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----Centripetal Forces
The “pull” forces forming relationships Trying to keep you together. -----Centrifugal Forces The “push” forces. Trying to break you apart |
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Internal dialectics
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ongoing tensions played out within a relationship
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External dialectics
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ongoing tensions between a couple and their community
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Three contradictions of dialectics
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--Integration and separation
--Stability and change --Expression and nonexpression |
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Family system
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self-regulating, interdependent network of feedback loops guided by members’ rules
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Family homeostasis
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tacit collusion of family members to maintain the status quo
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Symptom strategy
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ascribing silence to something beyond our control that renders communication justifiably impossible
--one cannot communicate |
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Punctuate
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interpreting ongoing sequence of events by labeling one event the cause and following event as the response
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The nature of a relationship depends on
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how both parties punctuate the communication sequence
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Reframing
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process of instituting change by stepping outside of a situation and reinterpreting what it means
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regards verbal and nonverbal components of a message as completely integrated and often interchangeable
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Whole-message model
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Social judgment-involvement
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perception and evaluation of an idea by comparing it with current attitude
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Ego-Involvement
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importance or centrality of an issue to a person’s life
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3 typical features of High ego-involvement
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---Latitude of noncommitment is almost nonexistent
---Wide latitude of rejection ---Extreme positions and high ego-involvement go together |
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Contrast
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– perceptual error whereby people judge messages that fall within their latitudes of rejection as further from their anchor than they really are
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Assimilation
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perceptual error whereby people judge messages that fall within their latitudes of acceptances as less discrepant from their anchor than they really are
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Boomerang effect
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attitude change in opposite direction of what the message advocated
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Two cognitive processes that lead to attitude change in a listener
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---central route
---peripheral route |
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Central route
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message elaboration; cognitive processing that involves scrutiny of message content
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Peripheral route
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mental shortcut that accepts or rejects message based on irrelevant cues as opposed to actively thinking about the issue
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Message elaboration
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extent which a person carefully thinks about issue-relevant arguments in a persuasive communication
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Cues that Trigger the Peripheral Route
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Reciprocation
Consistency Social Proof Liking Authority Scarcity |
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Biased elaboration
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top-down thinking in which predetermined conclusions color supporting data
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Objective elaboration
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bottom-up thinking, in which facts are scrutinized without bias; seeking truth wherever it might lead
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Strong arguments
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claims that generate favorable thoughts when examined
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Nilsen proposes persuasive speech is
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ethical to extent that it maximizes people’s ability to exercise free choice
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