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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ventilation hypothesis
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notion that expressing emotions allows you to get rid of your negative feelings and this this will have a beneficial effect on your physical health, your mental well-being, and even your interpersonal relationships
*idea is to prevent the build up of negative emotions that later results in a blow up |
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ageism
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prejudice against other age groups; mainly refers to prejudice against older people
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individual ageism
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general disrespect many show toward older people and in negative stereotypes about older people
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institutional ageism
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seen in mandatory retirement laws and age restrictions in certain occupations (as opposed to requirements based on demonstrated competence)
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how to communicate better with older people:
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- reduce background noise
- ease into the conversation with casual topics; avoid switching topics too quickly - use relatively short sentences and questions - give the person added time to respond - listen actively |
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Gender Neutral/Nonsexist Language
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s not using the word ‘man’, the use of generic ‘he’ and ‘his’, and sex-role stereotyping because they promote a sexist language.
The word man refers to humanity in general and instead should the word man be substituted with ‘humanity’, ‘people’, or ‘mankind’. |
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Equilibrium Theory
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Intimacy and distance vary together: The greater the intimacy, the closer the distance; the lower the intimacy, the greater the distance. You remain close with those who you have close interpersonal relationships with.
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4 types of artifactual communication
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space decoration
color communication clothing and body adornment scent |
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space decoration (artifactual communication)
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surroundings of a place exert a specific influence on a person. For example, a hospital or the way a study room is furnished
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color communication (artifactual communication)
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colors influence our perception and behaviors. For example, the color red promotes a cautious feeling where the color yellow indicates cowardice
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clothing and body adornment (artifactual communication)
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serves as a cultural display. Exemplifies your personality and protects your from external forces. Can also serve to indicate your behavior. For example, people who dress more casually are typically open to more ideas.
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scent (artifactual communication)
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olfactory communication serve a variety of purposes. Estimated human reception is some 10,000 scents. Serve purpose from identifying particular substances to enticing a mating partner. For example, when people go out ot bars, clubs, parties etc...they typically shower and put on fragrances before they leave in order to better attract the opposite sex.
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mutual eye gaze
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varies in most countries. In much of England and the US, the proper duration of eye contact between two individuals is 1.18 seconds. If the mutual gaze between you and another person is shorter, you are likely to think that that person is not interested, shy, or preoccupied. If the mutual eye gaze is held longer, you are likely to think that the other person has a high interest in you. In the US, direct eye contact is a sign of honesty. However, the Japanese view eye contact as a sign of disrespect. In many Hispanic cultures, eye contact is considered a sign of equality, so children should avoid using it when speaking to adults.
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Meaning
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an active process created in cooperation between source and receiver, speaker and listener, writer and reader.
Meanings are in people Words dont mean; people mean Meanings are more than words & gestures Meanings are unique derived from messages communicated & the receievers own thoughts and feelings Meanings are context based |
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gender and expression emotions
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The differences that are observed are differences in emotional expression. Men and Women seem to have different gender display rules for what is and what isn't appropriate to express, much as different cultures have different culture display rules.
Women talk more about feelings and emotions and use communication for emotional expression more than men. Women also more likely to express socially acceptable emotions than are men. Women are more effecting communicating happiness and men are more effective at communicating anger. |
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Emotional Intelligence or Emotional Communication (Ch 8, Pg 163)
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a measure of how well emotions are communicated
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High emotional intelligence
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1. Describe feelings
2. Identify the reasons for the feelings 3. Anchor feelings to the present, and 4. Own your feelings and messages |
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Haptics
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tactile communication it is considered our most primitive form of communication. This is learned early. In the early stages of a relationship, there is little touch. At the intermediate level (including involvement and intimacy), there is a lot of touch. Then at the stable/deteriorating level, there is again little touch. Purposes of touch include playfulness, establishing control, and following rituals (hand shake).
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Unsatisfying conversational partners
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an umbrella term for many different types of conversational partners that make the communication process unsatisfying. Several include:
- Detour taker: goes off topic - Monologist: does not engage others in conversation - Complainer - Egoist: chooses topics that are self-related only - Doomsayer: negative thinker - Arguer - Self-discloser: reveals too much information - Psychiatrist: analyzes everyone |
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Model of Communication: Stage one
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This stage is the opening. The opening is the verbal or nonverbal message that establishes a connection between two people in order to open the communication channels. Openings can be greetings, such as "Hello" or nonverbal signals, such as a kiss or a handshake.
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Model of Communication: Stage two
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This stage is feedforward. When one person uses feedforward, it gives the other person the general idea of the focus of the conversation. Feedforward serves to open the channels of communication, to preview the message, to disclaim, and to altercast.
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Model of Communication: Stage Three
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This stage is business. Business is the focus of the conversation and includes the topics that are talked about in the conversation, such as politics or what one of the people in the conversation did during their day.
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Model of Communication: Stage Four
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This stage is feedback. Feedback is used to reflect back on the conversation to signal that the business stage of communication is completed. Types/Dimensions of feedback include positive-negative feedback, person focused and message focused feedback, immediate feedback and delayed feedback, low monitoring and high monitoring feedback, and supportive and critical feedback.
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Model of Communication: Stage Five
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the final stage is the closing. This is the goodbye and ending to the conversation. The closing may consist of a simple "Goodbye" or a way of scheduling future conversations, such as "Let's meet for dinner tomorrow." The closing may also reveal how satisfied the people were with the conversation.
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Pupil dilation
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a biological response, done unconsciously, that sends nonverbal messages that a person can decode as a portion of a conversation.
when you're interested in the conversation, engaged, or perhaps attracted to the person your communicating with. The opposite will happen if you're not engaged in the conversation. |
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eye contact functions
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you use eye contact to serce seberal important functuons
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eye contact functions; to monitor feedback
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when you talk with others, you look at them intently and try to understand their reactions to what you're saying. You try to read their feedback, and on this basis you adjust what you say. Consequently, succesful readings of feedback will help considerably in your overall effectiveness.
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to secure attention; eye contact functions
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is used during communication in order to secure the attention and interest of your listeners. when someone is not paying attention to you it is likely that you will increase your eye contacts in order to gain attention.
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eye contact functions; to regulate the conversation
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helps you regulate manage and control the conversation. eye contact can be an indication for when someone should speak this can be seen in a college classroom when a professor asks a question and locks eyes with a student as an indication for the student to answer.
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eye contact functions; to signal the nature of the relationship
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can serve as a "tie sign" or signal of the relationship of the two people, for example, you can indicate whether or not there is a positive or negative relationship. depending on the culture, eye contact can also serve to show romantic interest in someone or eye avoidance can be seen as demonstrating respect. Some researches have observed that eye contact functions between gays and lesbians to signal their homosexuality and possibly interest in someone. This is often referred to as "gayday"
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Monochronic culture
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such as ones in the United States, Germany, Scandinavia, and Switzerland, will schedule only one thing at a time. These cultures compartmentalize time and everything has a specific time.
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polychronic cultures
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such as the cultures of Latin Americans, Mediterraneans, and Arabs, people will schedule multiple things for the same time. For example, someone from a polychronic culture may eat and conduct business with several different people at the same time.
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Dyssemia
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This is a condition in which the speaker or receiver cannot connect nonverbal cues and nuances with the words that are said. It is a difficulty to signal what you feel, and expressions don't match up with what you say. It is not something done on purpose; however, dyssemia among adults can seem "annoying" or "cold", either because they can not properly show ranges of expressions from empathy or sympathy at sad or serious moments, to joyful expressions in happy occasions
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Positive Emotions; Touch meanings
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mainly between intimates or others with close relationships. Communicates support, appreciation, inclusion, sexual interest or intent and affection.
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Touch Meanings: Playfulness
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de-emphasizes the emotion and tells the other person that it's not to be taken seriously. Lightens the interaction.
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Control;Touch Meanings
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control behaviors/attitudes/feelings of others. Ask for compliance (ex. "move over", "hurry", etc.) may also communicate status - higher status person initiates touch. Breach of etiquette for lower status person to touch higher status person.
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Touch Meanings; ritualistic
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Greetings/departures, such as shaking hands, hugging, kissing, etc.
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task related; touch meanings
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Performance of function, such as removing speck from face, helping someone out of a car, or checking a forehead for a fever. Generally regarded as positive.
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Nature of Self-Disclosure
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means communicating information about yourself (usually kept hidden)
is useful in establishing relationships - moving from initial contact, to involvement, to intimacy. Another person is required to self-disclose - the information must be received and understood by the other person. |
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Nature of Self-Disclosure; values, beliefs and desires
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"I believe in reincarnation"
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Your behavior; Nature of Self-Disclosure
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"I shoplifted but was never caught"
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Nature of Self-Disclosure; Your self-qualities or characteristics
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("I'm dyslexic")
*Also can be communicated nonverbally by wearing gang colors/a wedding ring/"pro life" shirts, etc. **May also involve a reaction to feeling of others (ex. telling your friend you're sorry she was fired) |
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Touch Avoidance
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People have a tendency to avoid touch from certain people or in certain circumstances. There is often a correlation between fear of communication and touch avoidance.
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polarization
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Often referred to as the fallacy or “either/or”.
The tendency to look at the word and to describe it in terms of extremes. Examples of such extremes: good or bad, positive or negative, healthy or sick, brilliant or stupid, rich or poor. |
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Cultural impact on emotions
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The culture you grew up in gives you a framework for how you express feelings and interpret the emotions of others. For example Chinese college students do not ask questions to guest speakers because in the culture they are quiet to communicate their respect.
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nonverbal communication
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is often used to accent or to emphasize a specific pat of the verbal message. For example you look into someone's eyes when you say "I love you".
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nonverbal communication
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is used to complement, or add nuances of meaning not communicated by verbal communication. For example you frown when you are expressing disapproval.
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nonverbal and verbal contradictions
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You may contradict your verbal and nonverbal communication on purpose to indicate something such as lying by winking.
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nonverbal movements
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these movements may be used to control or to indicate the desire to control like when you lean forward to indicate you want to speak.
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restating verbal message nonverbally
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For example when you say "Let's go!" you motion with your head.
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nonverbal messages to substitue for verbal messages
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For example instead of saying "Okay!" you signal it with your hand.
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Primary emotions
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emotions we feel first, as an initial response to a situation. include eight basic emotions which are joy, acceptance, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, and anticipation.
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Disconfirmation
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Communication pattern in which you ignore a person's presence as well as that person's communication. This says there aren't worth serious attention. Disconfirming responses often lead to low self-esteem.
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Directness
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s usually less polite and may infringe on a person's need to maintain negative face.
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Indirectness
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allow you to express a desire or preference without insulting or offending anyone; they allow you to observe the rules of polite interaction.
Fore example - Instead of saying "I'm bored"while with a group of people, you'd say "It's getting late and I have to get up early tomorrow." |
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Communication between people with and without speech and language disorders. If you’re the person without a disorde
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Do not finish another’s sentence, as that may be taken as your impatience and unwillingness to take extra time needed to interact effectively.
-Do not give directions to the person with a disorder, for example by telling them to “slow down” or “relax,” because they will often seem insulting. - Do maintain eye contact; show interest; do not show signs of impatience or embarrassment. - Do not pretend that you understand when you do not; ask for clarifications as needed. -Do not treat those with a disorder like children unless they actually are children. Speech/language disorders have no correlations with childlikeness. |
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Communication if you have a communication disorder
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-Let the other person know what your special needs are.
-Demonstrate comfort and positive attitude toward interpersonal situations. If you appear comfortable and positive, others will also. |
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Spiral of Silence
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occurs when the majority position gets stronger as minority views remain silent. This is based on the theory that:
- People are more likely to voice agreement than disagreement. - You determine what opinions you will express based on the popularity of possible opinions you could express, and the rewards/punishment of expressing popular/unpopular opinions. - You are more likely to voice opinions when you agree with the majority than when you disagree. |
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Static evaluation
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-when you retain an evaluation of a person, despite the inevitable changes in that person
-shows that language changes very slowly, especially when compared to the rapid pace at which people and things change example: when you treat your little sister as if she's still a 5 year old girl, instead of the 20 year old woman she has grown up to be |
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Initiating conversations: Self-references
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say something about yourself. Like "My name is Maxine and I am from New Jersey."
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Initiating conversations; Other references
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Say something that asks a question or about the other person: "I like your dress." or "Aren't we in the same communications class?"
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Initiating Conversations; Relational Reference
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Say something about the two of you "Would you like to dance?"
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initiating conversations; Context Reference
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Say something about the physical, social-psychological, cultural, and temporal context. "Do you have the time?" or "This deli is fantastic."
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Body Gestures
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are a classification in kinetics - the study of communication through body movement. There are 5 types
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Emblems
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Body movements that have rather specific verbal translations.
Example: Thumbs up means "okay." Making the V with 2 fingers as the peace sign means "peace." |
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Illustrators
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accompany and literally illustrate verbal messages. make communication more vivid and help maintain your audience's attention. Example: you are saying "Let's go!" you move your head and hands in upwards directions.
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Affect Displays
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Movements of the face that convey emotional meaning - the expressions that show anger, fear, happiness, surprise, eagerness, and fatigue. Specific example: Poker's tell.
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Regulators
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Monitors, maintain,s or controls the speaking of another individual. Example: nodding, saying mmhm, eye contact.
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Adaptors
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Satisfies some need and usually occurs without conscious awareness. There are 3 types:
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Self adaptors
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satisfy a physical need
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Alter-adaptors
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which are the body movements you make in response to your current interactions.
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Object Adaptors
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movements that involve your manipulation of some object.
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Catastrophizing
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means taking a problem and making it into a catastrophe. The problem may be small and insignificant but one still might perceive it as utterly horrible.
"If I don't do well on a test, I will never get into law school." |
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apology- commit to improve
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an expression of regret for something you did, the most basic statement is "I'm sorry". An attachment to an apology can be a commitment to improve your wrong doings or whatever you are regretting. For example: "I'm sorry, next time I will get to class on time".
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Conversational Maxims
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re the principles that speakers and listeners follow in a conversation
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Maxim of quantity
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limiting the amount of information transferred in order to make the meaning clear while omitting what does not.
Example: When people attempt to relate an incident and digress to give unnecessary information. Also chain emails! |
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Maxim of Quality
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essentially being truthful by not saying what you may believe to be false or what you lack adequate evidence for.
Example: Talking in someone else's interest while not knowing exactly what it is that they may need or desire. |
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Maxim of Relation
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being relevant in a conversation and not digressing to things completely or even somewhat irrelevant.
Example: this maxim is violated by those who tend to widely digress from the context of a conversation |
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Maxim Of Manner
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Be clear, avoid ambiguities, be relatively brief, and organize thoughts into a meaningful sequence.
Example: Manner in which you may communicate with a friend compared to a somewhat you just met. different manners of communicating depending on who the person is |
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Object Adaptors
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re movements that involve your manipulation of some object.
Examples: include the click of pens, biting nails, chewing on a pencil, etc. Usually signs of negative feelings. Meaning you will emit more of these when feeling hostile as compared to friendly. Increases with anxiety |
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Emotional Contagion
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Emotional messages are often contagious. If you've ever watched an infant and mother interacting, you can readily see how quickly the infant mimics the emotional expressions of the mother. As children get older, they begin to pick up more subtle expressions of emotions
emotions pass from one person to another; women are especially prone to this process. It can be productive when emotions are productive and vice versa. |
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Snarl Words
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are highly negative. Sexist, racist, and heterosexist language fall into this category
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"Purr words"
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are highly positive. Although they may sometimes seem to have denotative meaning and refer to the "real world," snarl and purr words are actually connotative in meaning. They don't describe people or events; rather, they reveal the speaker's feelings about these people or events.
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Primary territories
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areas you might call your own, such as your room, your desk or your office.
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Secondary territories
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areas that don't belong to you but that you have occupied and are therefore associated with, such as the table you sit in at the cafeteria or your classroom seat.
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Public territories
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areas that are open to all people, such as a movie theater, a restaurant or a mall.
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Object Adaptor
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movements that involve your manipulation of some object.
Examples: include the click of pens, biting nails, chewing on a pencil, etc. Usually signs of negative feelings. Meaning you will emit more object adaptors when feeling hostile as compared to friendly. Increases with anxiety |
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Best Excuses
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used in moderation, avoid blaming others, attribute failure to self, acknowledge responsibility for failure by noting they did something wrong.
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Bad Excuses
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rely on excuses too often, blame things on others (even their work colleagues), attribute failure to others, do not take responsibility for failure.
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Excuse effectiveness
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depends on culture (ex: individualism-collectivism, power distance, and the value it places on assertiveness and other cultural tendencies.
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Criticism
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A frequently used skill in teaching, nursing, or counseling. When giving criticism focus on the event not the personality. This paper is terrible vs The introduction wasn't clear enough. Try to make criticisms positive. "You look nicer in the other dress."
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Praise: expressing good praise
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*Use I-messages. (Instead of "good report" say "I thought that report was good.")
*Make sure our affect (facials) are positive. *Name the behavior you are praising. "You are great at making feel comfortable!" *Consider culture. (Many Asian's feel uncomfortable with praise) |
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Sexist Language
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language that is derogatory to members of one gender, usually women
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cowboy syndrome
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attitude that shows people frown when it comes to emotional expression. It characterizes the closed and unexpressive male, who is strong and silent, and never experiences the "softer" emotions such as crying. (pg.168)
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Paralanguuage
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The vocal but nonverbal aspect of speech. consists of voice qualities (pitch, resonance, tempo); vocal characteristics (laughing or crying); vocal qualifiers (intensity, height); vocal segregates ("uh-huh" meaning "yes")
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Types of excuses
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I didn't do it: Deny what you are being accused of, and then you bring an alibi or accuse another person. THESE ARE THE WORST EXCUSES, unless they're true. These excuses fail to acknowledge responsibility.
2. It wasn't so bad: You admit to doing it, but you claim that the offense is not that serious. This can also mean you are justifying your behavior. "I hit him, but he was asking for it." 3. Yes, but: Here, you claim that extenuating circumstances accounted for the behavior. "It was the liquor" |
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Praise: expressing good praise
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*Use I-messages. (Instead of "good report" say "I thought that report was good.")
*Make sure our affect (facials) are positive. *Name the behavior you are praising. "You are great at making feel comfortable!" *Consider culture. (Many Asian's feel uncomfortable with praise) |
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Sexist Language
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language that is derogatory to members of one gender, usually women
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cowboy syndrome
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attitude that shows people frown when it comes to emotional expression. It characterizes the closed and unexpressive male, who is strong and silent, and never experiences the "softer" emotions such as crying. (pg.168)
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Paralanguuage
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The vocal but nonverbal aspect of speech. consists of voice qualities (pitch, resonance, tempo); vocal characteristics (laughing or crying); vocal qualifiers (intensity, height); vocal segregates ("uh-huh" meaning "yes")
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Types of excuses
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I didn't do it: Deny what you are being accused of, and then you bring an alibi or accuse another person. THESE ARE THE WORST EXCUSES, unless they're true. These excuses fail to acknowledge responsibility.
2. It wasn't so bad: You admit to doing it, but you claim that the offense is not that serious. This can also mean you are justifying your behavior. "I hit him, but he was asking for it." 3. Yes, but: Here, you claim that extenuating circumstances accounted for the behavior. "It was the liquor" |
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i didnt do it excuse
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Deny what you are being accused of, and then you bring an alibi or accuse another person. THESE ARE THE WORST EXCUSES, unless they're true. These excuses fail to acknowledge responsibility.
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It wasn't so bad excuse
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You admit to doing it, but you claim that the offense is not that serious. This can also mean you are justifying your behavior. "I hit him, but he was asking for it."
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Yes, but excuse
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Here, you claim that extenuating circumstances accounted for the behavior. "It was the liquor"
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Kinesics
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A classification of body gestures; the study of communication through body movement
Five types: emblems, illustrators, affect displays, Regulators |
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Adapters
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occur without consciousness
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Self-Adapters
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physical need (ex. scratch your head, pushing hair out of your face)
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Alter-Adapter
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response to current interactions (ex. crossing arms)
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object adapters
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ovements that involve your manipulation of an object (ex. clicking a pen, chewing on a pencil)
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Self-Adapters
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physical need (ex. scratch your head, pushing hair out of your face)
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Alter-Adapter
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response to current interactions (ex. crossing arms)
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object adapters
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movements that involve your manipulation of an object (ex. clicking a pen, chewing on a pencil)
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Social Comparison
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When you evaluate your own opinions and desires by comparing yourself to others. The way you develop how you see yourself is by comparing yourself to others. When you want to know how effective or competent you are you compare yourself to others
You gain perspective when you see how you did relative to your peers. For example, we compare how we did on tests with our peers. |
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Captology
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is the study of the ways in which computer technology and computer-mediated communication generally serve persuasive functions. Websites, blogs, and instant messages, for example persuade you on a variety of topics--For example, helping you to find a relationship partner
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