Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What can the Google Ngram Viewer tell us about the human rights regime? |
1. It shows us that the human rights regime took off during the Civil Rights Movements in the 1970's and has grown rapidly since 2. It can track books in English that have the words "human rights" a. Prior to the 1940's, this term was barely used, but then there was a dramatic and rapid rise 3. Following the 20th century, we start to see the term being discussed in the political setting. Why? a. The holocaust b. advance in journalism, communications technology that has come with globalization that has come with this idea has facilitated the spread of this term 4. It only measures English books and it is only measured until 2000 a. It doesn't mean we werent concerned about the topic, there just wasnt any language set to talk about these topics b. Now there is a new language that we can use to talk about these things |
|
|
What are the origins of human rights in the West? (Person) |
1. Hugo Grotius a. He believed in natural rights that were independent of religion. b. He believed that you have these rights by being human and that these rights are separate from legal rights. c. He also inspired John Locke. |
|
|
What are the origins of human rights in the West? (2 Revolutions) |
1. American Revolution a. Thomas Jefferson wrote the Virgina Declaration that proclaims inherent rights to men including the right to abolish and form a new government b. Legitimacy of the government relies on its ability to guarantee human rights 2. French Revolution a. Marquis had help from jefferson to write the Declaration of the Rights of Man which declared that not only are all french people equal, but all men are equal.` |
|
|
In what cultural context did human rights initially develop, according to Lynn Hunt? |
1. Views of the Body: a. Individual bodies are separate such that an individual owns their own body and therefore you have all rights to your body 2. Rise of novels a. Novels produce a sense of equality of gender/class/etc. by creating empathy. b. The sense of empathy that helped the spread of human rights came about in large part as a result of the rise of the popularity of novels that appealed across social class |
|
|
What are the main contributors, and the central caveat associated with the UDHR? |
1. Elanor Roosevelt was a big contributor to the UDHR and although the american people wanted the UDHR to be passed within days, it took several years before a final document was passed 2. The Caveat that is associated with it is that the UDHR is a treaty rather than a declaration, meaning it is not legally binding for countries to follow |
|
|
When and How was the UDHR Created? |
1. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was created during the aftermath of WWII in 1948. 2. The document was drafted by representatives from many different nations with varied cultural backgrounds. The language used in the document is easily understood by everyone and motivates people to claim their rights. Individual governments have the responsibility of promoting and implementing the principles of the UDHR. a. Summary - The language is very easy and well understood and the document put individual governments in charge of putting the UDHR into practice in their country 3. 2 separate parts were later added to the UDHR: The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and the International Covenant on Social, Economic, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) a. These are Legally Binding treaties that were kept separate from the original document because the writers wanted the states to have the option of signing one and not the other |
|
|
Be able to recognize the three components of the International Bill of Human Rights (Just know what these three are) |
1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR 2. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) 3. International Covenant on Social, Economic, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) |
|
|
One way to consider the international human rights regimes is by categorizing the kinds of activities that take place with respect to protecting universal human rights. Broadly speaking, what kinds of activities take place? |
1. Promotion: This encourages the national adoption of international norms. This is the vast majority of the work that is done today. 2. Implementation: This has to do with the compliance with individual states. For Example, strengthening the judicial branch in a government may happen so trials are more fair 3. Enforcement: The international human rights regime is still very weak and does not have much power. The first and most powerful enforcement effort is the European Court of Human Rights which made it possible for the individuals to bring claims to the court |
|
|
What are the main UN bodies for protecting human rights? Be able to describe at least one role or responsibility for each part of the human rights “machinery.” |
1. International Criminal Court (ICC): The ICC has jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for international crimes against humanity, genocide, or war crimes. 2. UN Human Rights Council: The Human Rights Council holds the Universal periodic Review (UPR) to review human rights cases, Complaint Procedure to evaluate most gross and systematic abuses, and holds Special Procedures for specific countries or other issues. 3. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights: this is at the ground level, they are present in the countries that have abuses, and regularly speak to the government about human rights abuses |
|
|
What are the 3 Perspectives on why there are still so many human rights abuses around the world? |
1. "It's getting Better" a. This perspective sees the glass as half full, they say that it is just a question of time, and that we now live in a world in which people are more aware of human rights 2. "It's the institutions that are the problem" a. This perspective believes that everything is fine with the culture of human rights, they believe in the idea that you have a right to life, they believe that the culture of human rights are alive - but institutions that carry it out are deeply faulted 3. Human rights abuses are "a problem from hell" a. This perspective believes that the reason human rights abuses still occur as they do is because countries that are able to stop them lack the will to do what is necessary. |
|
|
What are some perspectives on the question of just how universal human rights are? |
Criticism on why human rights are not universal: "Human rights are of Western Origin, they don't necessarily apply in non-western countries" PERSPECTIVES 1. Relativists: They believe that culture is ultimately the source of validity for moral standards and rules 2. Universalists: They believe that culture is not relevant to the validity of moral standards and rules |
|
|
What is the ideal or so called "gold standard" of humanitarian action? |
Assistance for all, based on severity of need, with consent of all a. They are to be neutral, impartial, and independent |
|
|
Why is the ICRC (International Committee of the Red Cross) significant in the history of humanitarian action? |
1. They were the first that implemented the "gold standard of humanitarian action of being neutral, impartial, and independent. They set a precedent for how humanitarian action should be performed 2. Founded in 1863 by Henri Dunant a. The Red Cross started playing a major role in humanitarian aid for WWI and then again in WWII b. They are the oldest humanitarian organization 3. They practice neutrality (especially during war time) 4. They are the only organization mandated under Geneva Conventions (foundation of humanitarianism a. They just wanted to help the soldiers 5. They were the first organization to be given Observer Status in the UN General Assembly |
|
|
What is a "complex emergency"? |
1. Crises that occur in complex emergencies that require a very different kind of response that a single agency is no longer able to provide. 2. It is becoming increasingly mediated and militarized a. Most of the humanitarian crises of the world today take place in contexts that are very unstable. So unstable that they tend to be militarized and covered by the mass media 3. It interferes with the "gold standard" belief |
|
|
What are the 3 primary types of actors in humanitarian responses and the strengths and weaknesses of each? (governments) |
1. Governments are like the owners of teh football team who coordinate and make some choices 2. Governments make decisions about whether or not to grant access to aid Strengths: They have a lot of power and resources that can be allocated to the humanitarian responses. Weaknesses: They often participate to pursue national and material interests, and they also look to save face (cost of solitary military action), but they also answer moral demands. This often leads to a mixed agenda. |
|
|
What are the 3 primary types of actors in humanitarian responses and the strengths and weaknesses of each? (IGO's) |
1. IGO's are like the coaches of the team and play a coordinating role Strengths: implement aid, often subcontract to NGO's. The UN 'family' has humanitarian functions in the form of specialized agencies to help in humanitarian aid responses. Weaknesses: They have the challenge of working with each other and also NGO's which can lead to conflict Examples of IGO's: European Commission Humanitarian Office, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) |
|
|
What are the 3 primary types of actors in humanitarian responses and the strengths and weaknesses of each? (NGO's) |
1. They are essentially the defensive lineman of the team who look for openings, move into them strategically, and are rapid responders Strengths: They tend to be knowledgeable about local conditions, they have language skills to avoid mistakes, and are flexible and agile in responding in tailored ways to crises. Weaknesses: They have a lack of accountability, often moving so fast that they don't always assimilate the lessons they learn due to very short funding cycles |
|
|
What are the 3 most significant challenges that humanitarian action faces? (Coordination) |
1. Coordination: a. It is very difficult to coordinate these actions well because it is often overwhelming and chaotic b. Smooth coordination can reduce the visibility of the issue, they need to bring attention to an IGO or NGO because they need donors c. Smooth coordination carries costs |
|
|
What are the 3 most significant challenges that humanitarian action faces? (Access) |
1. Access: a. With the traditional notion of sovereginty, some states don't allow access or protect their mass atrocities, based on territorial definitions of politics b. They provide aid in insecure environments. -Response: avoid militarization of aid because in some cases aid can help perpetuate conflict -the military is put in as additional security for provision of humanitarian aid and protect the human rights of local civilians and protect aid workers |
|
|
What are the 3 most significant challenges that humanitarian action faces? (Linking to Development) |
1. Linking to development: a. Once a crisis is over, they have to rebuild. Without a link, the stage may be set for the next complex emergency. -Governments have long term plans in nature. The humanitarian aid workers don't work with government and have short term goals |
|
|
What are the pros and cons of media involvement in the humanitarian field? |
Pros: Stimulates dialogue, forces people to send aid Cons: It often ignores local actors and interferes with impartiality while also promoting competition |
|
|
How is the International Response to humanitarian crises shifting? |
Previously: a. Even in humanitarian cases, state sovereignty and autonomy were prioritized b. Human rights abuses and issues were considered others internal affairs c. There was focus on delivering food and resources after displacement Currently: a. Human rights violations are an international concern rather than an internal one b. Humanitarians are assisting directly where the abuses are taking place c. The focus is not just on food and resources, there is also now a focus on protecting rights. |
|
|
What is R2P? |
R2P (responsibility to protect) is a proposed norm set by the United Nations to prevent genocides and other crimes against humanity from occurring. A state forfeits its sovereignty if it fails to protect its citizens, and the international community has a responsibility to step in if this is the case |
|
|
What are the 3 pillars of R2P? |
1. Sovereignty is a responsibility, and states have a responsibility to prevent mass atrocities from occurring 2. The international community has a responsibility to help states do this 3. If mass atrocities are occurring, the international community has the responsibility to intervene |
|
|
What are the Criteria to invoke R2P? Be able to name and describe three of the six criteria |
1. Just Cause - Are there mass atrocities going on? Is the threat serious enough? 2. Right Intention - Is the primary intention to save lives and alleviate suffering? Don't do it if its for a regime change. 3. Final Resort -You've considered all other options and determine nothing else is likely to work other than intervention. 4. Legitimate Authority - Only the UN Security Council can decide if this can take place 5. Proportional Means - Do the minimum necessary to alleviate suffering and then move on 6. Reasonable Prospect - Is the operation likely to do more good than harm? |
|
|
Who are some of the new messengers who might change public opinion about climate change? |
1. Dr. Jim Yong Kim (President of the World Bank) - He has been saying that climate change is the core of developmental work 2. The Dalai Lama - Has sent a letter to world leaders concerning the paris negotiations in 2015 and keeping the surface warming below 1.5 degrees celcius 3. Pope Francis - He increased concern about global warming in Catholics, Protestants, Evangelicals, and the nation between Spring and fall of 2015 |
|
|
Why, according to professor Bierbaum has it been so hard to agree about how to address climate change? (Professor Bierbaum guest lecturer) |
1. There is a discrepancy over the goals of rich countries and poor countries. Poor countries are reluctant to reduce carbon emissions because doing so would significantly dampen their economic growth while rich countries don't want to be the only ones reducing emissions. In other words, there are competing agendas at work: development vs. the environment. 2. Furthermore, there are concerns about equity: the poor will suffer the most from climate change but contributed the least to the causes. 3. There are also concerns about cost and who pays: both equity and efficiency must be reconciled, and who pays for actions might not be where they occur i.e. rich countries may have to help pay for improvements in poorer countries. |
|
|
How long has the theory about anthropogenic or human-caused climate change existed, and what scientist was responsible for the first projection? |
The theory of human caused climate change is not new. It dates back to 1896 when Svante Arrhenius published a paper stating that carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil fuels would raise the surface temperature. |
|
|
How can we decipher past climate? be able to name at least 3 ways. |
1. Tree Rings - each ring indicates the growing season that year by how thick it is 2. Ice Cores - contain trapped "fossil air" 3. Fossils 4. Corals - have annual rings like trees 5. Pollen Grains |
|
|
Are scientists in agreement about climate change? if so, what do they agree on? |
Most scientists do agree that climate change is real. They see that the temperature of the entire globe has increased over the years and the consensus that has been growing is that humans have an influence on climate change. There was not always agreement in the humans case. Over 90% of scientists agree now that it is human caused and driven. |
|
|
There are at least 10 indicators of a warming planet. Be able to name at least 3. |
1. Less sea ice 2. higher sea surface temp 3. higher ocean heat content 4. higher sea level 5. higher temp over oceans 6. more water vapor 7. higher air temperature near the surface (troposphere) 8. Less glaciers 9. Less snow cover 10. Higher temp over land |
|
|
What impacts of climate change are being felt? There are at least 5 sources of independent evidence for a warming planet. Be able to name 3 |
1. In glacier National Park, there were 150 glaciers in 1850, today there are only 26 2. Extreme heat - record high temperatures and heat waves are 2x more frequent 3. Drought - crop losses of 5 billion per year since 1980's - increasing regions of consistent drought |
|
|
What are some of the primary sources for the increase in greenhouse gasses that we are witnessing today? |
-oil -coal -gas -biomass -livestock/agriculture |
|
|
Understand the difference between adaptation and mitigation and be able to describe ways we can adapt and prepare. (Adaptation) |
Adaptation: 1. Tackles the EFFECTS of climate change, as opposed to the CAUSES 2. Basically consists of coping strategies for reducing vulnerability to the outcomes of climate change 3. Relates to technical measures aimed at infrastructure, such as higher flood dams, levees and landslide barriers 4. Includes activities like re-vegetating slopes threatened by flood erosion, and maintaining the natural biodiversity of ecosystems to reduce their vulnerability |
|
|
Understand the difference between adaptation and mitigation and be able to describe ways we can adapt and prepare. (Mitigation) |
Mitigation: 1. Efforts to REDUCE or PREVENT the emission of greenhouse gases 2. Can mean using new technologies and renewable energies, making older equipment more energy efficient, or changing management practices or consumer behavior 3. Can be complex (a plan for a new city) or simple (a new cook stove design) 4. Efforts underway around the world range from high tech subway systems to bicycling paths and walkways |
|
|
Understand the difference between adaptation and mitigation and be able to describe ways we can adapt and prepare. (Preferences for each one) |
Preferences: 1. Adaptation - Measures tend to be taken independently and is emphasized by the rich and technologically advanced countries 2. Mitigation - Measures best taken at international level for the global good and is emphasized by poor and less technologically advanced countries. |
|
|
What is the Significance of the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) |
1. The UNFCCC is a nonbinding framework convention for climate change. The objective is the stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous interference with the climate system. 2. It directs new funds in terms of grants and loans to develop with developed countries leading the way |
|
|
What are some of the major events on the timeline of the development of the international climate change regime? be able to provide a brief narrative |
1. In 1988, the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) was established, and with the scientific assessment of climate change started 2. In 1992, the UNFCCC was signed as the framework convention for climate change 3. 1997 was the year the Kyoto Protocol was created, and this set the binding emissions target. 4. In 2001, the US was not part of Kyoto 5. The years from 2007-2010 were mainly focused on mitigation, adaptation, technology, and finance 6. From 2011 on, talks began about global treating, and the deadline was set for 2015 at the Climate Change conference in Paris |
|
|
What is on the agenda for the upcoming meeting on climate change in paris? |
1. The 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21) has been in session since November 30th and will be through December 11th. 2. 150 countries are participating in the conference, along with 25,000 official delegates from governments, intergovernmental organizations, NGOs, UN agencies, and other pertinent organizations and groups. 3. The main objective is to achieve universal agreement on climate-related matters through legally binding means. Many governments, groups, and NGOs have brought drafted plans they plan to present at the talks. 4. The largest goal of the conference is to determine means by which to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to keep the rise in global temperature below 2C. The current global warming rise allowance is 2.5 to 3.76C. The aim to remain under 2C is scheduled for the year 2100. 5. Since the 2009 Copenhagen talks and the 2010 Cancun talks, developed countries committed to raising $100 billion per year by 2020 to help developing countries tackle climate change. This money is being sourced from governments, private donations, tax transactions, NGOs, IGOs and other agencies. Talks at the conference are also being guided by current progress in raising these funds and the allocation of funds once collected |
|
|
How has globalization influenced determinants of health and health status outcomes? |
1. Globalization has resulted in a quicker and more wide-ranging spread of diseases 2. Transnational corporations have contributed to disease and overall poor health in various countries, particularly developing countries 3. Marketing of products that are bad for people's health have expanded worldwide 4. On a positive note, Globalization has allowed for easier sharing of medical technology and information Developing countries often experience a "brain drain" of the best healthcare workers, who prefer to work in countries where they will be more highly paid |
|
|
What is the World Health Organization's (WHO) definition of "health"? |
"A complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." |
|
|
Be able to briefly describe the difference between global health and international health. |
1. International Health focuses on practicing public health in other countries 2. Global Health focuses on transnational determinants, cross-border issues, approach, and global cooperation |
|
|
What is the essential difference between health inequities and inequalities |
1. Inequalities - "Differences in health status or in the distribution of health determinants between different population groups" (WHO). Basically the difference in certain outcomes between groups. FACT! 2. Inequities - DIFFERENCES IN HEALTH OUTCOMES THAT ARE A DIRECT RESULT OF INJUSTICES "Refers to those inequalities in health that are deemed to be unfair or stemming from some form of injustice" Inequities are more structural, and relate back to fairness and why certain outcomes are unequal. -Inequities in healthcare and access lead to inequalities in health |
|
|
What is the global goal to end HIV? There have been some global achievements in fighting HIV, be able to name and describe at least 3 |
1. Reduce number of new infections by one million between 2001 and 2014 2. In 2001, only 1 million people were receiving ARV treatment, now 15 million are 3. Life expectancy for those living with AIDS has increased dramatically |
|
|
What does the HIV "care continuum" entail? |
The HIV "care continuum" is the series of steps that a person with HIV takes from initial diagnosis through their successful treatment with HIV medication. According to lecture, these steps include: 1. Diagnosed with HIV 2. Linked to care 3. Engaged or retained in care 4. Prescribed antiretroviral therapy 5. Achieved viral suppression |
|
|
What are some of the problems associated with access to services for HIV? Be able to name both barriers and facilitators. |
1. Many HIV people are stigmatized and treated poorly (“like dogs”) because they have it. 2. There is low HIV testing among key affected populations, low availability of treatment and diagnostics (stockouts), drug-users are stigmatized and lack treatment a lot of times yet among a high risk population for HIV, punitive laws, low coverage of harm reduction services, and lack of integration between government services and NGO’s. 3. All of these attribute to the problems associated with access to HIV services. High risk groups like drug injectors and commercial sex workers are not receiving treatment due to lack of access. (Russia example) SUMMARY - Barriers to HIV testing include time, money, anonymity, and fear; facilitators to testing include friends, education, and outreach. Barriers to HIV care and treatment include stigma and discrimination and registration systems; facilitators to care and treatment include social support, NGO’s, family, and connections. |
|
|
What does Peter Menzel's "food for a week" suggest about the world's food supply? what can the images show us about global environment and health? |
1. Shows us what the average family from different countries consumes in a given week and what it costs. The goal is to raise awareness about how environments and cultures influence the cost and calories of the world's dinners 2. Suggests that there is a very unbalanced supply/access to food around the world. It shows the lifestyle of the developing world vs. the lifestyle of the developed world. 3. Death in developing countries is more likely to be from infections diseases and lack of clean water whereas people in developed countries die from lifestyle causes. 4. Where we grow up depends on our food supply and food supply can predict life expectancy and health logistics of the population at hand. For example, average life expectancy in Chad is 51 vs 80 in Germany |
|
|
Be able to name and briefly describe Colliers four "traps" that keep some countries in poverty |
1. Conflict - War tends to cause unrest and instability in a country. This prevents the country from further developing since it prevents development of infrastructure and jobs, Which would help boost the economy 2. Natural Resources - this can represent a problem for the country's economic development since it can create an overdependence on this sector, which would lead to other parts of the economy being neglected. Moreover, as a result wealth can also be unevenly distributed among the people. Finally, it can also happen that money can end up in the hands of foreign investors leaving the country with little or no profit 3. Landlocked with bad neighbors - This can stand as a barrier to exporting goods which would result in the country being unable to participate in global trade. 4. Poor governance in small countries - Development becomes a challenge when countries are faced with inefficient governments or with governments that are interested in pursuing their own agendas. This can usually lead to the implementation of ineffective policies or the mismanagement of the country's resources. |
|
|
What does colonialism have in common with the development project? |
1. Colonialism brings resources to parts of the world that don't have them 2. Often times colonial powers bring accelerated rates of development. But, how is this a form of exploitation and oppression? 3. When you bring more resources, its inherently developing an area |
|
|
Be able to name and compare 3 approaches or schools of thought in economics/political economy that influenced later notions of development. |
1. Colonialism - Justified as bringing a better standard of living to colonies; criticized as exploitation and oppression. EX. Building trading networks for manufactured goods helped Great Britain amass great Wealth 2. Mercantilism (16th century) - Aggressive pursuit of export outlets and protection of domestic market, amass wealth and power at any cost. Impose tariff to ensure it is not competitive with products in the country. Gradual integration of the global economy. 3. Economic Liberalism (18th century) - Minimal state intervention. Less government intervention than mercantilism --Gradual integration of global economy and disparity between colonizers and colonized led to rival approach of Marxism with Planned Economies |
|
|
What was the first real development plan? Descibe when and why it came out |
1. Truman Doctorine (1947) and Marshall Plan (1948) Explicit Goal: Against hunger Implicit Goal: Protect US from communism and fascism |
|
|
Our thinking about development has changed considerably over time. Be able to contrast modernization theory with dependency theory and world systems theory (Modernization Theory) |
Modernization Theory: Transition from underdeveloped to modern societies. Societies move through 5 stages. Influenced by economic liberalism, western or Eurocentric and assumes that all countries can be modernized in the same way. Assumptions of the Theory: 1. The assumption that "west is best" 2. Countries should open their markets 3. Foreign Expertise will be required |
|
|
Our thinking about development has changed considerably over time. Be able to contrast modernization theory with dependency theory and world systems theory (Dependency Theory) |
Dependency Theory: The idea that resources come from poor nations to rich nations at the expense of poor nations. The blame might be on core countries. Unequal trading relationships cause inequality. Puts out the idea that "one size fits all" wont work because developed countries build their countries on the resources, manpower, etc. of developing countries |
|
|
Our thinking about development has changed considerably over time. Be able to contrast modernization theory with dependency theory and world systems theory (World Systems Theory) |
World Systems Theory: This divides the world into core and periphery countries, division of labor/production keeps the rich countries rich and the poor countries poor with some shifting here and there. Some countries can gain extreme power for a period. Core countries and modern countries have the side effects of their development leading to the development of peripheral countries too |
|
|
What is the difference between economic development and human development? |
Economic Development: Focus on material wealth, namely income- particularly GDP growth and stimulation Human Development: Improvement of well-being, generally life expectancy, education, and income (but not from an economic standpoint, more so a survival and growth/well being perspective) |
|
|
Why are the Millennium Development goals significant? What appears to be the initial advantages and disadvantages of the new sustainable development goals? |
1. The Millennium Development Goals are significant because they aim to have comprehensive goals towards solving the solving of inequalities such as poverty, health, and education. There is broad support towards solving these crises. 2. When the new Sustainable Development Goals were created, they focused on both developed and underdeveloped countries, making both of the entities responsible. There is also an emphasis on being sustainable. 3. Although each goal has a target, some of them have no numerical indicators of progress being made. 4. Another disadvantage is that some of the goals contradict each other or are the responsibility of a nation state. |
|
|
Be Able to Name Key actors or institutions of development, briefly describe their role, and name one criticism that has been leveled with them (NGOs) |
1. Big on vision, low on funds and accountability 2. Don't learn from the past because of lack of transparency and criticism |
|
|
Be Able to Name Key actors or institutions of development, briefly describe their role, and name one criticism that has been leveled with them (Regional Banks) |
1. Local actors that aid development within that regime (extension of the World Bank, just on the local level) 2. They are directed towards the central banks of each particular area 3. Criticism - They provide loans that have high interest rates, and have harsh qualifiers (looking for something in return) |
|
|
Be Able to Name Key actors or institutions of development, briefly describe their role, and name one criticism that has been leveled with them (UN Agencies) |
1. UNDP - Strategic and coordinating role; advice, training, and support 2. Work/consult with governments in country where they have offices |
|
|
Be Able to Name Key actors or institutions of development, briefly describe their role, and name one criticism that has been leveled with them (Government Agencies) |
1. Two-fold purpose - to improve lives in developing worlds & advance US interests abroad 2. Criticisms - Aid comes back to US through contracts, there is biased selection of implementing partners, and there is a disproportionate amount to countries that are political and military partners |
|
|
Be Able to Name Key actors or institutions of development, briefly describe their role, and name one criticism that has been leveled with them (World Bank Group) |
1. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development + International Development Association 2. Changing the world bank 3. Positives of the group - They are a major source of development funds, the group addresses multiple sectors of the economy, the group also has the largest shares to africa and south asia 4. Criticisms of the gorup - They are too formulaic and try to use the one size fits all approach, there is over-emphasized economic growth, and although this group represents many countries, it is run by a small number of powerful nations (a us citizen has always been president_ |
|
|
Be Able to Name Key actors or institutions of development, briefly describe their role, and name one criticism that has been leveled with them (Transnational Corporations [TNC's]) |
1. Positives - They offer capital and jobs in regions that need them and they increase the country's integration into the global economy 2. Criticisms - Their working conditions and environmental standards are not great and they avoid taxes. |
|
|
There is no single path to success for development. However, what are some strategies that appear, when well-implemented, to be effective? |
1. Poverty Reduction: lift countries out of poor infrastructure, improve public health and education systems 2. Microfinancing/Microcrediting 3. Gender Equality 4. Good Governance |
|
|
What has been the role of celebrities in the development project and what questions should we ask ourselves when evaluating any given celebrity's contribution? |
1. Overview: It is important to consider what a celebrity's true purpose is when raising awareness/funds for development; do they profit off the development and/or are they using at a marketing strategy for themselves or an unrelated good???? 2. Examples: - 50 cent and the energy drinks he sold and how he said they provided a meal for children but the cost of the meal was very low but the actual drink cost was very high. - Real Men Do Their Own Laundry ad for sex trafficking was not very direct and it was hard for people to tell what it was about just from looking at the ads - Oprah Winfrey's school in South Africa was very fancy and elite' should she ahve been allowed to allocate her resources in this way when she probably could have helped many more children if her school was less extravagant -Matt Damon's water bottles.... over the years more and more of the profits do not go to the cause of purifying drinking water around the world - Not on our watch: Makes the organization seem a bit high and mighty as if developed countries need to watch over the developing nations |
|
|
What was the Washington Consensus and what are its main attributes and weaknesses? |
1. What is it? - It is a set of 10 economic policy prescriptions considered to constitute the 'standard' reform package promoted for crisis-wracked developing nations 2. Main attributes - lower barriers to trade, accept foreign investment, privatize public industries, deregulate industries to promote competition (increase economic development) - This is a form of economic liberalism 3. Weaknesses: Opening a developing country to global trade as well as the strengthening of domestic market forces could weaken key functions of the state |
|
|
Be able to name and briefly describe two specific examples of how the development project has impacted men and women differently. |
1. In Kenya, the development agenda enhanced men's roles in agreculture and women's roles in home economics. The outcome was that it expanded men's ability to earn income and women lost status and power. 2. In India, Project "Hand-in-Hand" provided support for tech based business for low-income women while providing little support for men. |
|
|
What is the "double burden" and why are development professionals concerned about it? |
The "double burden" is the concept that across the world women work more hours than men. Women work in the labor force but then also work many hours domestically in their own homes while their male counterparts amount of domestic work is much less. Development professionals are concerned about this because this is one barrier keeping us from gender equality. And there are both practical and human rights reasons. Increasing gender equality allows for a better next generation and a more competitive nation. |
|
|
We can incorporate gender into our thinking about development for both human rights and practical reasons. (In general) |
1. Promoting gender equality is one of the Sustainable Development Goals 2. Women are the last hired and the first fired. The ended up in informal employment (less pay, part time, temporary, without benefits) 3. Economic stress leads to stress in the household - people will pull girls out of school so they can take care of the household 4. Stress rises - partner violence rises simultaneously 5. Women are affected disproportionately because they are the main welfare users and they are the main users of public services. 5. Emphasizes gender on decision making, assess implications of gender on a policy and practical level |
|
|
We can incorporate gender into our thinking about development for both human rights and practical reasons. (Human Rights) |
1. Definition - Inclusive and equitable, developing a more dynamic and encompassing approach towards human rights (UDHR) - Looks at health disparity among men and women - Education disparity and how men usually have more education - Gives a voice to those who are marginalized - Improves access to economic opportunities |
|
|
We can incorporate gender into our thinking about development for both human rights and practical reasons. (Practical Reasons) |
1. Definition - That all genders require different approaches towards human rights, culturally, socially, etc. (example. Reproductive rights or Transgender Rights) - Shapes the next generation - Increases a country's ability to compete - Economic benefits to civil society |
|
|
Know the Strengths and weaknesses of each of the phases of the UN system went through in attempting to address inequality in development (Phase 1) |
Phase 1: Women in Development (1975) 1. Strength: Recognized women had been left out of many projects, special budget, division to add them 2. Weakness: assumed western middle class roles were the norm and ideal. Furthermore, women were not included in designing projets |
|
|
Know the Strengths and weaknesses of each of the phases of the UN system went through in attempting to address inequality in development (Phase 2) |
Phase 2: Gender and Development (Late 1980's) 1. Strength: Rejects the idea of treating women as a "special" topic, attention to double burden 2. Weakness: Still assumed western middle class was best model |
|
|
Know the Strengths and weaknesses of each of the phases of the UN system went through in attempting to address inequality in development (Phase 3) |
Phase 3: Gender Mainstreaming (1995 on) 1. Strength: All UN agencies must incorporate gender in analyses 2. Weakness: Little training or funding for these efforts |
|
|
What are the "dimensions" and indicators that comprise the Human Development Index? |
Human Development Index: Dimensions: - Health, Education, Living Standards Indicators: - Life expectancy at birth, Mean years of schooling, Expected years of schooling, Gross national income per capita |
|
|
What are the "dimensions" and indicators that comprise the gender Equality index Measure? |
Gender Inequality Index: Dimensions: - Labor Market, Empowerment, Reproductive Health Indicators: - Labor force participation which doesnt measure unpaid domestic or care-giving work -Parliamentary representation -Educational Attainment (secondary level and above) -Adolescent fertility -Maternal Mortality |
|
|
How is culture transmitted? be able to name and describe 3 examples. |
1. Enculturation - Learning how to live in the society of which one is a part (an individual and developmental process) 2. Acculturation - a society changing its identy as a result of contact (learning to live in a second culture) 3. Assimilation - the submerging of cultural differences into a broader, dominant culture |
|
|
Be able to describe how the refugee category is defined, including the characteristics of social groups |
A refugee is defined as a person who has a fear of persecution due to their race, nationality, religion, political opinion or membership of a social group and therefor has relocated outside of their homeland and country. The characteristics that make up the social group are: innate, unchangeable, and fundamental to the identity and conscience exercise of human rights |
|
|
What is the primary emphasis of the community orientation that refugees undergo after arrival in the United States? |
This phase should proceed as rapidly as possible. The purpose is that the majority of the refugees should be self-sufficient and employed by the end of the process. The response to the orientation, however, shows how the United States is viewed as more disciplined and self orientated than other countries. We like to think that we are free and that our culture is porous enough to yield absolute freedom, yet the refugees do not feel freer. They feel the need to be more responsibly and self-disciplined in order to gain employment |
|
|
To adopt a cross-cultural perspective and understanding, be able to name at least three keywords that newly resettled Burmese refugees would use to characterize life in America |
1. " Work, Self Discipline, Responsibility, Rules" - Cultural orientation is the most legal step and is about learning about american culture on a broader level - Community orientations main focus looks to get employment for the refugees and also is about learning about the population of where they are going to live - "Family strengthening" program looks to grow an awareness of the importance of personal responsibility for success while enhancing the habit of assuming goodwill, increasing the skills for controlling personal thoughts and moods, and to provide tools for success |
|
|
What are some levels of xenophobia? (Exclusive) |
This ideology says "you are fundamentally different than us and therefore exist outside of our imagined community" - mildest level, top of the pyramid - ex. Not picking someone to be on your sports team because they are different |
|
|
What are some levels of xenophobia? (Possessive) |
This ideology says "you are fundamentally different from us and outside our imagined community and you are trying to take our jobs, education, tax dollars, medical care, etc." -This is more severe and the middle of the pyramid - Ex. Some people's responses to undocumented immigrants |
|
|
What are some levels of xenophobia? (Toxic) |
This ideology says "you are fundamentally different from us and outside our imagined community and you are trying to destroy that which we hold most dear, e.g. our freedom" - This is the most severe and the base of the pyramid - Ex. Hate crimes against muslim americans or people who appear to be after 9/11 |
|
|
What are some causes of xenophobia? |
1. Psychological factors related to amount/type of interaction 2. Public policies that include or exclude - These provide different people with different access to public services 3. Material and Economic Factors - Employment opportunities, housing, other resources |
|
|
Countries vary in their capacity to address xenophobia, as well as their goals for resolving xenophobia. Be able to name and briefly describe at least two societal goals |
1. Coexistence - Groups live parallel lives with little interaction or prejudice 2. Tolerance - A fair and objective attitude towards groups. Tolerance includes meaningful interactions with people of different groups, opinions, races, etc. There is freedom from prejudice |
|
|
What are some promising responses or steps to improving xenophobia? |
Our aspirations: 1. Discuss and confront the issue of power and privilege 2. Try to better understand the process of xenophobia (identify and study the mobilization of it) 3. Emphasize diversity and complexity, no more exclusive groups 4. Use graphic images of xenophobia in the real world to get people's attention (critique through education) |
|
|
Artists in particular have responded to identity based hate crimes (often motivated by forms of xenophobia) with public art. What can public art offer when it comes to increasing tolerance? |
Public Art is aimed to increase tolerance and offers critique, which generates dialogue that can bring about change 1. Ex. James Plensa's installation in Houston in response to hate crime and eventual suicide against 16 year old Latino boy. Composed of 7 figures, each composed of random letters from various languages. 2. Ex. Jitish Kallat's installation in Chicago, in response to 9/11. Composed of Hindu philosopher's speech on toleration (text in DHS threat level colors) |
|
|
What factors contribute to the successful (non-xenophobic) integration of refugees? Be able to name 3. |
1. Cultural Integration - although it is one of the most difficult aspects of the integration process, it is necessary in order for a refugee to train themselves to take ownership and responsibility of their own life 2. Community Orientation - encompasses how to use transportation, finding a job, enrolling in school. Ultimate goal is for refugee to be self sufficient and employed 3. Family Strengthening - To grow awareness of the importance of personal responsibility for success. Enhances habit of assuming good will. Increases skills for controlling personal thoughts and moods. |
