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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Most powerful institution in Medieval Europe?
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Church
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Westphalia Treaty effects:
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-collapse of Holy Roman Empire
-core group of states emerge and dominate world affairs until beginning of 19th Cent. -concept of sovereignty redefined to include territorial integrity |
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Western state not dominating world politics after 1648?
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-Germany
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Congress of Vienna took place in 1815 as an effort to build peace after defeat of ______ at Waterloo
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-Napolean
-goal was to create a balance of power that would preserve the peace -successful b/c lasting peace in Europe for 40 years. |
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1884-1885 Int'l conference in what city? Topic was avoiding colonial wars.
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-Berlin
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European dominance b/c...
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-after 1648, European states had comparitive advantage over rest of world b/c they had established permanent armies
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Balance of power
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-power must be distributed in international affairs in sucha way that no single state would ever become strong enough to dominate over all other states.
-applies only in a multilateral state |
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Causes of WWI
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-Nationalism (Pan-Slavism, Pan-Germanism, etc)
-Imperialism (GB, Fr, and Germany competing for foreign marketshare. Austia-Hungary wants crumbling Ottoman Empire market) -Alliances (Creation and failure; -Arms Race -Sarajevo assassination |
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New World Order after WWII?
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-2 superpowers: US & SU
-SU w/ 2nd most powerful army -many new states gain independence -formation of United Nations |
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Proxy Wars
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-two powers fight a war using a 3rd party's territory as battleground.
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Non-Aligned Movement
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-1955
-Bandung, Indonesia -1st Asian-African summit |
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New World Order after 1989?
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-fall of Berlin Wall
-rise of US hegemon -new independent states join world order -UN legitmacy -less interstate conflict; more intrastate conflics (b/c of failed states) -end of proxy wars -rise of NGO's in IR |
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State-level analysis of International Politics?
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takes into consideration the following:
-type of government -type of economic system -interest group competition -national interests |
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Realism:
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-state is principal actor in war & politics
-state is a unitary actor -states exist in anarchic environment -#1 concern is state survival b/c lack of global authority to keep the peace |
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Liberalism:
states need to maximize_______as a means of collective security? |
Cooperation
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balance of power and deterrence belong to?
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Realism
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Thomas Hobbes
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Realism
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Montesquieu, Kant
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Liberalism
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Liberalism:
bad or evil human behaviour result of... |
inadequate social institutions
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Liberalism & Realism common thread:
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States are the primary actors of the international system
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Neoliberalism
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-self-interest of states to cooperate
-absence of cooperation is a recipe for mistrust and conflict |
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Perpetual Peace
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-Emmanuel Kant, 1795
-Liberalism -refers to a state of affairs where peace is permanent |
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example of realism in current events:
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-2003, sidelining UN in preparation for war against Iraq as a conflict resolution strategy used by US leaders
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Liberalism- core assumption
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Interdependence is dominant feature of International Politics
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Liberal view of International System
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-International system is a process in which multiple interactions occur among different parties
-various actors learn from the interactions |
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International System is chaotic and each individual state acts in its own self-interest
applies to realism or liberalism? |
Both
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Characteristics a political entity must have to be recognized as a state?
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-defined boundary
-stable population -stable government -international recognition |
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multinational state (example)
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-state that contains more than one nation
-United States |
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Multistate nations (example)
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-nations that cross the boundaries of several states
-Curds -Slavs |
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Liberalist view of state:
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-pluralist arena whose function is to maintain basic rules of the game
-state's national interest changes to reflect the interests and relative power position of competing groups |
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In context of IR, notion of state power refers to...
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-ability to influence others and control outcomes
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Measures of State Power
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-size & quality of military
-GDP -literacy rate |
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Most Favoured Nation (MFN) status
(2 examples to rescind MFN status) |
-best tariff treatment US can award to another country
-attack US troops -openly aid nations hostile to US interests -support terrorist groups |
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Direction of influence btw foreign policymakers and general public in the US based on "Why We Fight" movie
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Policymakers influence the public as opposed to vice versa
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Rally-around-the-flag effect
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-a leader's popularity increases whenever he/she chooses to use force with respect to some foreign policy issues
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Liberal view of peace
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-peace btw nations best achieved when all nations agree on notion that aggressive and unlawful attack against any nation must be met by the combined force of all other nations
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T/F
according to realists, international security should be the sole responsibility of the UN Security Council |
F
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Congress of Vienna
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international conference where states agree to periodic consultations that became known as the Concert of Europe
- address unresolved political problems represents an early attempt to establish international institutions to deal with threats to peace |
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League of Nations
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IGO created in aftermath of WWi
-1st significant effort at governance through an international institution |
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Collective Security
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-idea that aggressive use of force by any state will be met by combined force of all states
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Why do states create and become members if IGOs?
Federalism def. |
-war caused by individual states exercising sovereignty as they seek survival and pursue their self-interested goals.
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Why do states create and become members if IGOs?
Functionalism def. |
-war caused by economic depribvation and disparity, not military capabilities of individual states.
-states not equipped to resolve global conflict. -cooperation through experts is the way as they develop a network of like-minded people who are concerned about addressing specific issues, not promoting state agenda. |
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IGO acronyms:
IMF OAS EU ASEAN |
IMF: International Monetary Fund
OAS: Organization of American States EU: European Union ASEAN: Association of South Eastern Asian Nations |
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UN created in
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1945
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"Agenda for Peace", January 1992
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-Sec. Gen Boutros Boutros-Ghali "Security Council summit represented an unprecedented recommitment, at highest political level, to purposes and principles of the charter"
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# of states in UN SC
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15
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5 permanent Members of SC
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US, Russia, UK, France, China
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Non-Member state maintaining Permanent Observer Mission at the UN?
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The Holy See
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Entity maintaining Permanent Observer Mission at the UN
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Palestine (that's why it's called the Palestinian authority not state!)
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5 principle organs established by the UN Charter
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General Assembly, Security Council, International Court of Justice, Economic and Social Council, Secretariat
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peacekeeping
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deployment of a UN presence in the field, hitherto w/ the consent of all parties concerned, normally involving UN military and/or police personnel as well as civilians
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Agenda for Peace outline:
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5 steps of preventative diplomacy
1) early warning 2) fact-finding 3) preventative deployment (peacekeeping) 4) demilitarized zones 5) measures to build confidence |
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Current Secretary General of UN
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Ban Ki Moon
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ICC
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-responsible for prosecuting Bosnian Serb Leader, Radovan Karadzic and former Pres. of Liberia, Charles Taylor, for war crimes and crimes against humanity
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NGO's new influence in Int'l System
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-new environment after Cold War
-NGO's issues have global dimension; states can't solve individually -organization, networking & coalition building: NGO's synchronize activities + make noise during int'l conferences -telecommunications revolution = easier to mobilize like-minded ppl |
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NGO examples for:
Human rights Distribution of assistance in disaster Global Warming |
-Human rights: Amnesty International
-Distribution of assistance in disaster: Red Cross -Global Warming/environment: Greenpeace |
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Causes of War at system level
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-int'l law is weak
-states are final authorities and ultimate arbiters of disputes -war is logical course of action to resolve disputes -state's security is ensured only by its accumulating military and economic power |
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Security dilemma
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-notion that in the absence of a centralized authority, an increase of security for one state results ina decrease of security for other states
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2 possible outcomes of nuclear weapons proliferation
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1) proliferation will serve as a deterrent and no nuclear war
2) 'accidental' war, especially if WMD's controlled by dictator in a failed state |
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Asymmetric warfare
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-war between parties of unequal strength
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types of asymmetric warfare?
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-terrorism
-guerrilla warfare |
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Conditions rendering war acceptable:
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- self-defense
- defense of others - humanitarian intervention |
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example of a just war:
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US intervention in Kuwait or Kosovo
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terrorism
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-attacks carried by the weaker party against the enemy's soft targets with the purpose to instill fear (an act committed to instill terror or fear in others as a means of achieving a political goal)
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According to Cronin, the political aim of the fourth wave of terrorism has been against
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US-led globalization
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Name two types of terrorism and examples of their actions
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1) Left-wing terrorism: ideology, communism; right-wing terrorism: fascism;
2) Ethnonationaist/separatist terrorism: wave of decolonization; sacred terrorism |
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In the area of globalization, what are the means used by terrorist organizations
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-the internet
-hijacking of airplanes -suicide bombers |
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4 organizations US classifies as terrorists
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Hamas,
Al Qaeda, Hezbollah, FARC |
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Define 'peace' (positively)
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-Presence of Social Justice
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Peace paradigm associated w/ realism
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Peace through coercion
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What skills (three) are necessary to develop in order to achieve peace through conflict resolution?
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Negotiations
Arbitration Mediation |
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“If you want peace, be peace; be an instrument of peace”:
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Peace through transformation
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“if you want peace, train for the process of peace”:
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Peace through conflict resolution
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“If you want peace, prepare for war”:
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Peace through coercion
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“If you want peace, work for justice”:
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Peace through non-violence
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“If you want peace, prepare for peace”:
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Peace through international law
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4 elder statesmen
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Bill Clinton
Jimmy Carter Nelson Mandela Henry Kissinger Madeline Albright |
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Democratic Peace
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-Int'l stability btw countries w/ democratic governemtns.
-democratic states tend to be more politically stable than totalitarian/autocratic states |
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Economic Liberalism
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-focus on interdependence, nonstate actors, and incentives for cooperation among nations
-free market system needed w/ minimum interference by state (they only provide collective goods) |
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Mercantilism
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- economies and politics are closely related, but politics comes first
- economic activity should serve the interest of state - having economic relations w/ other states is a way of gaining wealth and maximizing power - wealth is an influence. |
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Free Trade
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-trade without tariffs or import quotas
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Collective Goods
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-goods supplied to all members of community w/o discrimination.
-includes legal system, national defense, money, educational system, and infrastructure |
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Tariffs
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-tax on imports from foreign countries, increases support for domestic industry by making foreign goods more expensive
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Balance of Trade
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- bottom line of mercantilism,
- value of countries exports minus its imports -states always need a positive balance of trade in order to turn a profit |
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hegemonic stability
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- rise of hegemon, means prosperity and growth for world economy = stability
-fall of hegemon: means world economy declines -Hegemon should make sure goods are provided to all countries, although hegemon benefits the most. |
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Bretton Woods Institutions
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IMF
WB WTO |
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Public Corruption
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Using public office for private gain
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Nepotism
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favoritism shown by public officials to family of close friends
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Corporate Social Responsibility
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corporations accountable for social, economic and environmental impacts of their actions/decisions
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Subsidies
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-financial aid from government to domestic industries (ex: agriculture - corn)
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Import Quotas
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limit on # of products that can be imported to country.
-used to protect domestic production of similar products -devalues currency |
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4 types of protectionist policies
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subsidies
tariffs import quotas dumping |
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Dumping
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selling products abroad at below market rates
-causes foreign markets to become dependent on imported goods |
