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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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System History outside west-
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Premodern rise and fall of ancient empires
-Greece, Rome, Incas, Ottoman -The West came to dominate - World War one was first “Global” war |
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System History-
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Dominated by great power politics
-System changes when polarity changes -Astute diplomacy recognizes options and limitations |
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What was Europe like before nation states?
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-Arbitrary Boundaries
- Varied types/sizes of units -Between these units there are overlapping alliances -Rulers Claimed divine right to rule |
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Peace of Westphalia [1648]
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After 30 years of war:
-Modern State system |
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War Helped Create Modern States pg.50
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-Defined Territory
-Permanent Population -Sovereignty -Diplomatic Recognition -Legitimate authority and force |
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Why limited war in 18th century?
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Mercenary Armies
-An expensive resource which monarchs did not want to “spend” -Military Technology NOT powerful -Limited tax resource to finance war - Principle of non-destruction of states after a conflict: -Monarchs were often related and valued stability above conquest |
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French Revolution changed war
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-Peoples state fought monarchies
-To the death! -Armies were cheaper thanks to Mass mobilization -People were motivated by ideals of nationalism and self determination |
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Clausewitz “On War”
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-Written during the Napoleonic wars
-Misinterpreted quote -War is continuation of political activity by other means -Not arguing for war -Actually recognizing danger of total war -Clausewitz was a realist who wanted war as a last resort |
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1815-1914 Limited war again: Why?
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-Monarchs were busy with domestic challenges to their authority
-Financial and military exhaustion after destruction of Napoleonic wars -Balance of power diplomacy preserved order through shifting alliances |
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Patterns
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-Recurring armed struggle. Prepare for war or accept domination
-Rise and fall of civilizations/empires -resource demands -overreach -bad leadership -History made by the powerful0 hegernons -Statecraft drawn from experience [but lessons may be badly learned] -Thucydides & Machiavelli (realist) vs kant and Locke (liberals) |
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Beginning of 20th Century
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-peaceful (on surface)
-Exception Russo-Jap war of 1904 -Prosperity and interdependence -But system analysis notes problems -Status deprivation of new powers -Alliance rigidities making for a bipolar system -Domestic level noticed nationalism |
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Environment of world wars 1+2
-Domestic level |
-Most Europeans now had some for of representative democracy
-Industrialization & Mass production increased the potential for destruction -Ideological rivalry between democracies and fascists |
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Opposing trends in system
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- Integration
o Economic ties o Technological possibilities o Global Culture - Fragmentation o Ethno-nationalism o Empire break up |
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Afghanistan
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-War in Afghanistan is about central Asia security: Regional subsystem
-Pakistan -Iran -Ex-Soviet Union republics to north |
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Iran
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France says war possible
-Russia says no military solution possible -US planning Airstrikes? Why |
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Why Study war?
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Study conduct of war to improve tactics and technology
-study impact of a particular war on future decisions and on security -finding causes - assuming war is a slip from otherwise peaceful world |
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Individual level causes
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-Human nature
-Aggression is innate - violence is learn behaviour -Leadership -Ego - miscalculations |
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Domestic Factors
-Millitary- industrial complex |
-conspiracy between makers and buyers
- may lead to war though arms race |
Many domestic factors may lead to war
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Domestic Factors
-Bureaucratic planning |
-alleged bureaucratic planning could also be a factor
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Domestic Factors
Form of government |
-leaders who are more tyrannical more prone to war
-Democracies less prone to war, but intense combat |
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Domestic Factors
Newly formed states |
-more likely to fight a war than older states
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Instability-
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- One in 5 civil wars becomes interstate
o History of past disputes o Poor internal mmunications o Arms race spirals out of control o Transition to democracy |
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System Explanations
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- The fundamental explanation of warfare in system is structure
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Multipolar structure
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sees frequent, but less inense warfare
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Bipolar structure
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sees less frequent but more intense wars
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Europe at time of WW2 was bipolar because of rigid alliance system
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Security dilemma of self help states->
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arms race
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System level causes of WWI
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- Interlocking alliances in Europe prior to WWI caused a polarity shift fromo multi to bipolar
-Germanys growing military was disrupting military balance of power -British economy was slowing down and giving way to the german and American industrial machines -Competition for empire within and outside Europe |
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Domestic level causes of wwI “unintended war”
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- Cult of offensive
o Planners learned in Prussian wars that early mobilization brings victory o Each side wanted troops to the front first Conscription and mobilization - Made war possible and threatened other states |
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Spark and Fuel
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- Spark: Serbs assassinated heir to Austrian Throne, Archduke Ferdinand
- Fuel: Alliance system o Triple Alliance- Germany, Austria-Hungry, Italy o Triple Entente- Great Britan, France, Russia -Germany backed Austria Hungry bringing in italy -Russia backed serbs, involving France and Britain |
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Balkan Spark to powder keg
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- Autria ultimatum to Serbs July 23, 1914 was not met fully
- Rapid mobilization by major powers followed: o Germany used Belguim as route to France o GB & France allied with Russia |
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