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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ANARCHY
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Lack of a formal, central governing authority
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INTERESTS
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Preferences over different outcomes or states of the world
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INTERNATIONAL INSTITUION
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Rules, norms, and principles regulating the interactions and behavior of states
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COLLECTIVE SECURITY
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-Security of one matters for all
-Stability through collective security (no balance of power) -Everyone will respond to a threat to one's security (Liberalism) |
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SELF- HELP
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States can rely only on themselves for security
(Realist) |
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ZERO-SUM GAME
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One state's gain is another state's loss
(Realist) |
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POSITIVE-SUM GAME
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Both players can mutually improve over the status quo
(Liberalists) |
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SOVEREIGNTY
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Recognized by subjects and outside actors as supreme authority
-• Internal: Supremacy over entities within one’s territory • External: Independence from authority from outside one’s territory. ____________________________________________________ o Internal (Hobbesian) Authority – Must be recognized by citizens Control – Government must be able to exercise control o Legal/juridical (int law) Authority – Other countries recognizing leader is legitimate Recognition by peers • As an independent country Role of UN membership • Syria still has legal sovereignty o External (Westphalian) (We care about this most) Authority • No interference Non-intervention, self-determination |
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STATE
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Legal entity consisting of a government that manages the affairs of a population in a given territory.
____________________________________________________ 5 characteristics: 1. People 2. Territory - Well defined borders helpful 3. Bureaucratic Structure (Agencies, officials to help run State) 4. Monopoly on legitimate use of organized violence -Most debated -Gov of state should only be recognized legitimate source of organized violence 5. Sovereignty (Recognized by subjects and outside actors as supreme authority) |
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NATION
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-A people
-Shared history and identity -Ethnic group affiliation -Ties to region or homeland -Ancestors -Shared Language |
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NATIONALISM
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A nation asking for political recognition
-when a nation and state overlap -Refers to the complex set psychological, cultural, and social forces that drive the formation of a nation |
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THE WORLD SYSTEM
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-Most abstract, Now multilateral interactions
-Polarity, balances of power -Distribution of wealth, North and South gaps. -Ex: Iran and nuclear weapons (They could be trying to get a strategic advantage against Israel (bilateral) OR it wants to be a regional power or hegemon. |
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GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE
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(sort of domestic)
Economic treaties, depending on political system is how quickly a government will join. Regime Type- democratic or autocratic Varieties of autocracy |
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CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIETY
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1.Wealth, population, distribution of wealth.
2. Cultural characteristics, ideology 3 US and the ICC. ICC isn't popular in US. Perspective of US is that ICC will go after US citizens. Why didn't Clinton send in treaty? -Maybe political structure and it is hard to get enough signatures, OR wasn't popular with society |
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INDIVIDUAL DECISION-MAKERS
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1. Makers, bias, education, psychology of a person
-Education, socialization -Cognitive complexity, 2. Example: XKGB officers may have poisoned him in 2006 acting on their own belief |
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INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
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1. Bilateral interactions
Ex: Arms Race 2. Interactions between states 3.Dyadic relations |
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ROLE OF DECISION MAKERS
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1. Responsibilities and duties
2. Political position 3. Social Status 4,Example: XKGB officers may have poisoned Alexander Litvenko for the interest of the Russian Government |
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THREE LEVELS OF ANALYSIS
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MAN- 1st Image / Individual / Constituents, legislators vote with conscious, acting on individual beliefs
STATE 2nd Image / Domestic / Interest groups, political factions, political system. SYSTEM 3rd Image / System/ Most abstract / countries responding to external environment (Responding to new powers) example: Country part of an alliance getting sucked into war |
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Multinational Corporations (MNCs)
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1. Business enterprises headquartered in one state, with activities and investments in one or more foreign states
MNCs have employees* 2. Historical Example: East India Company (Cotton,Silk,Tea,Dyes,Opium exported these) (had own military-very unique) 3.Growing Power of contemporary MNCs -1/4 global economic production -2/3 world exports -majority of foreign direct investments(FDI) -Royal Dutch Shell -LARGEST in terms of revenue |
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Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs)
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1.A transnational organization whose membership is composed of private actors (individual or groups)
2.NGOs have members* 3.NGOs (the good,the bad, the ugly) Terrorist groups and Doctors Without Borders) 4.Wide array of issue areas - diverse (Human Rights, agriculture. 5.Interaction with IGOs/NGOs |
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Intergovernmental Organization (IGOs)
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An international organization with membership composed of sovereign states and delegates representing the interests of their home states
_____________________________________________________ `1. 3 + members ; bureaucracy ; meetings 2. Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine (1st Example) Original plan was to deal with piracy 3. Wide array of issues they can address though 70% are economic 4.All states are members of at least some IGOs 5.Over 400 in 2013 |
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TWO VARIATIONS OF LEVELS OF ANALYSIS
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INDIVIDUALS (Decision Makers & Roles)
STATE (Government Structure & Society) SYSTEM ( International Relations & World System) |
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NATION- STATE
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In a perfect nation-state.......* no part of the nation is excluded and there are no other competing nations*
Japan, Korea and early France come close to being real nation-states |
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Structure
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-System is anarchic (no higher authority)
-But there's still a structure -distributions of capabilities capabilities = power power structures, not legal structures 3 structures (Bipolarity, Multipolarity, Unipolarity) Important because of stability, order and authority |
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Balance of Power
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Roughly equal distribution of capabilities across the major actors in a system
-Multipolar or bipolar -No single actor can credibly threaten others -Imbalances --> survival strategies -Self enforcing equilibrium |
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Hegemony
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One powerful states possesses sufficient military and economic resources to create and enforce “rules for the system”
-Not polarity -Organizations, institutions, treaties -Rules benefit hegemon and others -Liberal influences -Regional Hegemons possible -Potential Difficulties (Benign intentions / balancing/ who follows rules |
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Polarity
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-Balances of Power
-Extent to which system is polarized into distinct clusters of powerful states -Total number of major actors |
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Unipolarity* (fix)
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-One and only one major actor in the system
-A global alliance -Or one massively powerful state -Historically anomalous EX:1945-1949 (everyone destroyed except US) EX: Post-Cold War -current realists find this unstable (invites challenges) |
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Multipolarity*(fix)
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-More than two major actors in the system
Classical Realists: Contemporary Realists: |
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Pole/ Major Actor
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Individual state or group of states that possesses substantial power relative to other states in the system
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Bipolarity
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Two and only two major actors in the system
No clear advantage for one pole over the other Not many historical examples except Athens and Sparta -Cold War: US and Soviet Union -Current realists find this to be the MOST stable |
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Non-State Actor
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Transnationally influential individuals, groups, or organization other than states.
Ex: Terrorists IGOs, NGOs, MNCs, individuals |
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Information Asymmetry
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Lack of information about resolve and/or capabilities of other states
Role of Info Asymmetry: -Underestimating resolve -Assuming a country isn't very willing to fight -Overestimating relative capabilities |
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Costly Signal
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An action or policy that conveys resolve by imposing costs on the sender
Costliness is key -examples of signals include Mobilization, sanctions, embargoes, etc |
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Audience Costs
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Electoral consequences of issuing empty threats or failing to honor commitments.
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Rally Effect
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Tendency for voters to increase support for their leaders in response to dramatic foreign events, such as crises, conflicts, wars, etc
Example: GWB approval rating shot up after 9/11 and Saddam Hussein |
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Diversionary Incentive
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A leader’s incentive to start/join/escalate international crisis in order to distract attention and rally public support
Example: Falklands/ Malvinas War |
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Military-Industrial Complex
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An alliance between professional military and the industries that benefit from defense spending and international conflict
-Eisenhower’s warning (1961) -The peace-time military -Industry + military + politicians Iron triangle: Each corner is mutually supporting each other -Dilemma of demand and supply -Who benefits? |
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Proliferation
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Two Types of proliferation (Vertical & Horizontal)
*Vertical: Increase within a single state (quality/quantity) *Horizontal:Spread across borders (Weapons and/or technologies -Varieties of Weapons Transfers (Gov sanctioned, from firm to government or from government to government. -Illcit vs Non-Illicit (Difficult to distinguish -States vs. Non-State Actors |
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Security Dilemma
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One state's security is another state's insecurity
Arming for defense offends others Capabilities provoke a response Motivator for arms races, proliferation Lack of information, uncertainty Realist logics (anarchy, self-help, zero-sum games) Arming for security ultimately reduces security Provokes responses -> negates advantages Expends resources -> costly Increases weapons -> Destructiveness Security of all states declines |
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Arms Control
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Managing production, deployment, maintenance, and use of weapons
started with Pope banning cross bows -Limited availability -> stability -Doesn’t equal reduced numbers -Emphasis on nukes Key goals: -Nuclear-free zones Antarctica, the atmosphere, space -Risk of accidents -Set limits Qualitative & Quantitative Build confidence, trust Stem proliferation |
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Second Strike Capability
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Ability to absorb a nuclear attack and still have resources to retaliate with unacceptable damage
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Mutual assured destruction (MAD
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Ensuring of a second-strike capabilitiy
# of delivery vehicles Geographic dispersion Hardened sites Concealment + mobility The Nuclear Triad (SLBM) Land based weapons, sea based weapons, air based Sea based are concealed and mobile |
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Brinkmanship
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A reckless bargaining strategy of threatening massive destruction in order to compel submission
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Deterrance
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Preventive strategy of deterring adversary from “doing what it would otherwise do”
Deterrence -> overt threat You know they are a threat, you try to get them to not act on it Second-strike Capability – L |
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Disarmament
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Reduce or altogether eliminate weapons
-Related to arms control -Possible conflicts |
