International Relations

Front 1

Pact: German, Russia, Austria-Hungary

Back 1

League of the Three Emperors

Front 2

Pact: Germany, Austria-Hungary

Back 2

Dual Alliance

Front 3

Pact: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Back 3

Triple Alliance

Front 4

Pact: Germany, Russia

Back 4

Reassurance Treaty (Secret)

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Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Front 5

Pact: France, Russia

Back 5

Franco-Russian Alliance - France wanted to pit Germany against two fronts.

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Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Front 6

Pact: France, Italy

Back 6

Franco-Italian Secret Agreement, Secret - If the French warred with Germany, Italy would sit it out

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France, Russia
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Front 7

The Entente Cordiale

Back 7

France, Britain - A legit defensive alliance

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France, Russia
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Secret: France, Italy

Front 8

Triple Entente

Back 8

Great Britain, France, Russia

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Germany, Austria Hungary, Italy
Secret: France, Italy

Front 9

WWI Military Casualties

Back 9

Most: Germany
Least: Belgium
USA: Low

Front 10

Liberal Reformism: Principles

Back 10

Based on rights
Democratic government
Democratic peace
National self-determination
Collective Security
Free trade

Front 11

Liberal Reformism: Criticisms

Back 11

Colonial empires persist in Africa
League of Nations Mandates
Rich/poor gap
Is democracy really more peaceful?

Front 12

Proletarian Internationalism: Main Idea

Back 12

Members of working class should sympathize with the working class before their countries.

Front 13

Proletarian Internationalism: Imperialism and Capitalism

Back 13

Imperialism is the highest stage of capitalism. What it does:

1. Interstate competition and conflict.
2. Interstate war.
Appeal by governments to nationalism.
3. Growing awareness of working class that the capitalist state does not serve its interest.
4. Insurrection and revolution.

Front 14

Proletarian Internationalism: After Capitalism

Back 14

1. Socialization of means of production
2. End of exploitation
3. Growth of class solidarities and internationalism
4. End of imperialist conflict and war: Peace

Front 15

Proletarian Internationalism: Criticisms

Back 15

Capitalists invest in high-wage societies, not low-wage.

The great colonial powers fought on the same side in WWI -- where is the conflict and competition?

Revolutions were most successful in agrarian, non-industrialized societies.

Soviet Communism was not pretty. It did not turn out to be a worker's paradise.

Front 16

Fascism: Principles

Back 16

Repression of the revolutionary left.

Acclaim for the state as protector of social order and cohesion.

Acclaim for the state as the embodiment of the nation.

Ideology of justice with an ordered, i.e. not classless, society.

Return to a "natural order" of things.

Progress = threat.

Capitalism = threat.

Basis of international relations is survival of the fittest.

Front 17

Nazism: What did it add to Fascism?

Back 17

Stab in the back.
Scientific racism.

Front 18

Political Realism: Principles

Back 18

Liberal Reformism = illusionary
Liberal Reformism = dangerous
Cultivation of power is paramount
Acquiescence, Diplomacy
Elitism

Front 19

Political Realism: Main men

Back 19

Niebuhr
Carr
Morgenthau

Front 20

Political Realism: Niebuhr

Back 20

Moral man in immoral society.

Exercise of power leavened by caritas (love for all people).

Justificaiton of violence in resisting fascism.

Front 21

Political Realism: Carr

Back 21

Bankruptcy of Liberal Reformism.
Order means hegemony.
Hegemony means injustice.
Order (thus) means injustice.
Effective hegemony considers discontent.
Appeal to power politics and appeasement.

Front 22

Wilsonian Reforms

Back 22

Democratic government
National self-determination.
Collective security.
Public diplomacy.
Free trade.

Front 23

Deontologicalism: Principles

Back 23

People have a duty to act morally.
Moral actions: based on the categorical imperative.
Moral behaviors = peace.

Front 24

Deontologicalism: Modern manifestations

Back 24

Nuclear disarmament
"We have a duty to disarm nukes."

International environmental protection
"We have a duty to save the Earth."

Front 25

Liberal Reformism: Criticisms - U.N. Magnates and the rationale behind them

Back 25

Turkey, Jordan, Iraq, Syria, Palestine

Rationale: "They weren't ready for self-determination yet."

Front 26

Liberal Reformism: Critiquing - effects of free trade

Back 26

+ Economic growth
- Economic equality
+ Peaceful international relations

Front 27

Socialism: Principles

Back 27

Socialization of means of production.

Society cannot extort itself.

Front 28

Weimer Republic

Back 28

The German government after WWI.

Front 29

Weimer Republic: Political Composition

Back 29

Social Democrats, Communists, and, eventually, Fascists

Front 30

Origins of German Fascism

Back 30

Stab in the back myth

Communist uprising during WWI

World financial crisis: brewed discontent; workers looked for somebody to guide them

Front 31

Irredentism

Back 31

Trying to unify the people who are culturally identified with your nation into the borders of your state.

Front 32

Why was WWI waged as a war that could only be totally won or totally lost?

Back 32

it was waged for unlimited ends. Unconditional surrender.

Front 33

Failures of the League on the road to WWII

Back 33

Failure to act against Japan.

Failure to act against Italy.

Failure to respond to Germany's rejection of the Versailles treaty and its occupation of Rhineland.

Refusal to intervene in the Spanish Civil War.

Refusal to intervene in the occupation of Austria.

The Hitler-Stalin Pact

Front 34

Milestones on the way to WWII

Back 34

Japanese invasion of Manchuria.

Italian invasion of Ethiopia.

German and Italian intervention in the Spanish Civil War.

German invasion of Austria and crippling of Czechoslovakia.

German demands on Poland.

Front 35

Modern Warfare: Characteristics

Back 35

Mobilizes citizens
Mobilize the entire economy
Armaments are mass produced
Untold destruction
Utterly dominates the life of participant countries

Front 36

Wars' influence on economic growth

Back 36

Europe: no growth

USA: growth!

Front 37

How did the Bolshevik Revolution survive?

Back 37

Had a base in the Communist Party.
Enjoyed support of Russian Patriots.
Allowed peasantry to take the land.

Front 38

Organic stateism

Back 38

Conservative ideology. A desire to return to the feudal system.

Front 39

Corporatism

Back 39

Conservative ideology advocating classes.

Front 40

Types of conservatism

Back 40

Organic stateism
Corporatism
Catholicism
Fascism

Front 41

How does Fascism differentiate essentially from other types of conservatism?

Back 41

It mobilizes the masses instead of being elitist.

Front 42

Causes of general Fascism

Back 42

Antisemitism
Xenophobia
The Great Slump
WWI causes elitism among veterans

Front 43

Causes of WWI

Back 43

Nationalism
Militarism
System of alliances
Imperialism

Front 44

Causes of WWI: Nationalism

Back 44

Germany unites under Prussian terms.

Russia tries to incite Slavic nationalism to obtain a warm water port in Turkey, thereby antagonizing Austria, which had a Slavic population.

Front 45

Causes of WWI: Militarism

Back 45

Wilhelm II builds up German navy. Britain, which has a policy of having 2x the 2nd largest navy, expands their navy.

Military official make battle plans for a possible war, stimulating espionage.

Front 46

Causes of WWI: Imperialism

Back 46

Britain and Russia vie for India.

Britain and France vie for Africa.

Great powers establish spheres of influence in China.