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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Only IGO with global scope and nearly universal membership
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UN
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1. the creation of international law, norms and principles
2. has created other IGOs 3. Sponsored conferences 4.acts as a catalyst for global policy networks |
Functions of UN
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core of the global security system and primary legitimizer of actions
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UN Security Council
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1. Unprecedented Millennium Summit and Declaration
2. Awarding of the 2001 Nobel Peace Prize to the UN secretary-general Kofi Annan |
Two things that symbolized the UN’s continuing role as the centerpiece of global government
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US, GB, France, Russia, and China
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all permanent members of the security counsel
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-Atlantic charter of 1941 by Roosevelt and Churchill calls for collaboration on economic issues and a permanent system of security
-26 nation agree w. the principles and agree to create a new system to replace the league of nations -Would be based on sovereign equality of all members. -All “peace loving” eligible for membership |
Foundation of UN
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all permanent members of the security counsel
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Decisions of security must be agreed upon by
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1. General Assembly
2. Security Coucil 3. ECOSOC 4. Trusteeship Council 5. International Court of Justice 6. Secretariat |
Major Organs of UN
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5 by Africa or Asia
2 Latin America 2 Western Europe 1 Eastern Europe |
Nonpermanent members of SC- region distribution
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5 perm
10 non perm |
Seating distribution of SC
# of perm, non perm |
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in the even that the SC cannot maintain int'l peace, a matter can be take up by the GA
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Uniting for Peace
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Consenus
Commitment Organization |
Factors for Successful Collective Security
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executive head of the UN
in charge of mediation of disputes, negotiations between and among warring parties and the deployment of UN sponsored forces |
Secretary General
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makes it possible for the Secretary General to bring the attention of SC any matter which in his opinion may threaten the maintenance of int'l peace and security
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Article 99
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all states shall refrain from the threat or use of force in their international relations
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Article 2(4)
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Security Council is the organ primarily responsible for maintaining int'l peace and security
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Chapter V
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UN enters into a contract with the US or other major power to enforce policy in countering either aggression of threats to the peace
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sheriff's posse approach
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preference for regional arrangement of regional conflict
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Chapter VIII
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letting organizations closest to the eye of the storm undertake action before the UN has to get involved
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Subsidiarity
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encourages states to use regional organizations before directing their conflicts to the SC
recommends that the council make regional arrangements |
Article 52
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define relations between UN and regional orgs
prohibits the latter from taking measures regarding peace and security without the former's approval |
Article 53 and 54
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provide transparency and legitimacy to global governane
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role of NGOs
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Selectivity
double standards membership included political regimes that were major perpetrators of human rights "no action motion" lack of meeting time |
problems with Commission on Human Rights (CHR)
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1. observing peace- monitoring and reporting
2. keeping peace- providing buffers between belligerents and zones of disengagement |
1948-1988 peacekeepers' 2 functions
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1. consent of parties
2. continuing support of the SC 3. a clear and practicable mandate 4. nonuse of force except in the last resort and in self defense 5. willingness of troop contributors to furnish military forces 6 willingness of member states to make available requisite financing |
Characteristics of peacekeeping during cold war
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1. helps insulate UN decision making process against great power dissent
2. reduces likelihood peacekeepers will encounter resistance when doing duties |
why is consent the keystone of traditional peacekeeping?
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1. budgets
2. troop #s 3. mandates renewed |
why is SC support necessary for peacekeeping operations?
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1. 1st generation negative- individual and political rights (thought, speech, religion, privacy, assembly)
2. 2nd gen positive- socioeconomic (redistribution of material benefits of economic growth, obligate pub authority to ensure minimal food, shelter, health care 3. 3rd gen solidarity- collections of persons (peace, development, healthy environment) |
3 clusters of human rights
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1. passes resolutions to condemn or otherwise draw attention to violations of human rights
2. creates and funds agencies or meeting to deal with human rights |
2 way GA indirectly protects human right
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state's responsibilities and accountability to domestic and int'l constituencies for its human rights performance
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responsibility to protect
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combination of the need to simultaneously foster economic development and ensure the availability of resources for future generations
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sustainable devlepment
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poverty
education women in development transnational healthcare |
Main clusters of MDGs
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international credits
drawing from previous deposits with imf or loans from foreign banks |
short term way to cover balance of payments
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devalue national currency
make exports cheaper and more int'lly competitive |
long term solution for balance of payments
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reduce tariff barriers on imports
increase interest rates to cool economy and reduce inflation impose austerity programs- cut back gov services and remove state sudsidies |
conditionality on imf loans
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regulate currency exchange rates
ensure int'l stability by making loans at times of crisis in member countries' balances of payments |
purpose of imf
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promote int'l monetary coop
facilitate expansion and balanced growth promote exchange stability assist in establishment of multilateral system of payments give confidence to member govs by making general resources of FUND temp available to them under safeguards shorten duration of disequilibrium in int'l balance of payments |
objectives of imf
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draw on 25% of their quote (tranche) whenever they need it
if insufficient, draw up 3x original quota (upper tranche) under certain conditions |
country needs loans from imf
what happens? |
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letter of intent
imf monitoring put certain policies into effect |
imf conditionalities
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free floats
managed/dirty floats pegged to $ |
3 types of exchange rates
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raise taxes
raise tariffs devalue currency reduce gov expenditure |
Conditions for imf rescheduling
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principal debtor countries get 29 billion in loans
20b coming from commercail banks must make structural changes |
Baker Plan
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encourage banks to engage in voluntary debt reduction
implement market oriented structural adjustments but in exchange for a reduction of commercial bank debt and new loans from com banks and multilateral lending agencies 35% debt forgiveness 'brady bonds' |
Brady
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int'l banks/us treasury push govs to rapidly open all parts of finacial markets to foreign entry
remove all restraints on the free int'l movement of capital and all kids of financial instruments and transactions |
capital account liberalization
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stabilization
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purpose of imf
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structural adjustment
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world bank purpose
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trade liberalization
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wto purpose
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set of policy reforms imposed when debtor countries are called on to set their houses in order and submit to conditionality
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washington consensus
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fiscal discipline
reducing public expenditures tax reform interest rates- market determined competitive exchange rates trade liberalization encouraging foreign direct investment competitive economy securing property rights |
policy instruments of washington consensus
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prudent macro policies, outward orientation, free market capitalism
neoclassical |
washington consensus promtes
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minimum state spending
increase competitiveness secure property rights export oriented economies produce hard currency all maximize the loan capacity of developing countries and ensure the ability of an economy to repay principal and interest |
Banker's perspective
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not good for unemployed
cut off from public services pay exorbitant for water, electricity, etc |
why 'sound' good economic principles not good
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not adopted with sufficient rigor
parts of consensus to blame- open economies too quickly/prematurely blame imf and political masters for inconsistency |
washington consensus criticisms
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