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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the defining characteristics of individualism?
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- individuals are independent of one another
- people are driven by a desire to satisfy individual goals and achieve autonomy and uniqueness - relationships are subject to cost-benefit analysis and continue only so long as they are mutually beneficial - people value having many different unique or distinctive personal attitudes and opinions - expression of emotion is encouraged - direct communication is preferred - ones internal attributes determine behavior |
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What are the defining characteristics of collectivism?
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- individuals are bound and obligated to groups with whom they share a common fate, goals, and values
- people are driven by desire to fir inot the group, make the group proud, and meet the expecations of and obligations to the group - Group members are a fixed "fact of life" - Boundaries between in groups and out groups are stable, relativly impermeable, and important - People value a willingness to sacrifice for the common group, maintain harmonious relatioships with close others, humility, deference, and self-effacement - Expression of emotions is discouraged - Indirect communication is preferred - Social role obligations, expectations of others, situational demands, and social norms determine behavior |
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What is the relationship between employers and employees in an organization that is individualistic?
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- Short term, with employees changing companies are their own discretion
- Organizations are primarily interested in teh work that employees perform, and not their personal or family lives |
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How does decision making and accountability occur in organizations that are high on individualism?
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- Important decisions tend to be made by individuals
- Accountability for organizational successes and failures rest with individuals |
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How does selection take place in high individualistic organizations?
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- Selection focuses on employees KSAs
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How does recruitment take place in highly individualistic organizations?
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- less emphasis is placed on rewarding loyalty
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How are compensation and promotions done in highly individualistic organizations?
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- based on equity
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How are performance appraisals done in highly individualistic organizations?
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- job specific knowledge and individual work outcomes are stressed
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How is training done in individualistic organizations?
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- Most effective when focused on individual capabilities
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What is the focus of job design in individualistic organizations?
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- jobs are designed individually to maximize individual capabilities
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What are conflict resolution tactics like in individualistic organizations?
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- direct and solution-oriented
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What is the relationship between EEs and EEs in collectivistic organizations?
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- Long term: from recruitment to retirement
- ERs are responsible for the welfare of EEs |
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How is decision making and accountability in collectivistic organizations?
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- important decisions are made by the group
- successes and failures of the organization are attributed to the group |
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How is selection done in collectivistic organizations?
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- based on relational skills or EE
- personal relationships are key |
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How is recruitment done in collectivistic organizations?
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- internally, based on loyalty
- often based on personal relationships |
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How is compensation and promotion done in collectivistic organizations?
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- through equality and need
- individual rewards can cause disharmony |
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How are performance appraisals done in collectivistic organizations?
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- based on employee loyalty and harmony in interpersonal relations
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How is training done in collectivistic organizations?
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- most efficient when focused on group capabilities
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What is the focus on job design in collectivistic organizations?
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- jobs are designed to maximize the social aspects of the job
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How is conflict resolved in collectivistic organizations?
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- through avoidance, compromise, obligation, and accomodation
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What are the main findings of R and C?
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Collectivistic organizations have the following correlations:
(-) for test-based selection (-) for formalized systems of performance appraisal (-) for equity based rewards (+) for equality based rewards (+) for HRM practices emphasizing job security (-) for promotions systems based on merit These findings were conservative because tests were used on US MBA students |
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What are the characteristics of low PD?
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- each individual is respected
- appreciation for what each individual has to offer - people expect upward mobility in their class and job |
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What are the characteristics of high PD?
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- inequalities are natural and functional
- those with less power are protected by those with more power in exchange for loyality and obedience; reciprocal relationship |
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What are the 4 predictors of power distance?
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- religion and philosophy
- tradition of democratic principles in government - existence of strong middle class - proportion of immigrants in society |
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What is knowledge flow like in Low PD?
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bi-directional
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what does empowerment do in low PD?
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it increases employee satisfaction
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how do fluid work groups function in low PD?
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it aids in adapting to changes quickly
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