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233 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what does SMEDI stand for |
Stillborn, mummification, embryonic death and infertility |
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list reproductive diseases in pigs that occur in Australia |
1. Brucella 2. Parvovirus 3. Leptospirosis 4. PCV2 5. PMC (porcine myocarditis syndrome) |
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describe parvovirus in pregnant pigs and how to prevent |
if dam is sero-negative and infected before day 70 of gestation then piglet becomes infected, usually causing mummification
Prevent by vaccination (Parvac) twice at selection (3-6mo) 3-4wks apart and then again before mating (protection during pregnancy) vaccinate boars twice annually |
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pigs are the maintenance hosts for what Leptospira serovars? |
Pomona, Australia and Tarassovi |
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what animals are the important reservoir host of Brucella? |
feral pigs |
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how could you treat and prevent leptospirosis in a pig herd? |
Treatment: - oxytetracycline in feed
Prevetion - vaccine twice yrly with E.coli an Erysipelas |
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what are the clinical signs of Brucella in pigs? |
- bacteraemia 5wks, but no pyrexia, transient infection - reduced fertility - severe placental infection causes embryonic death and abortion at any stage during gestation - granulomas- granulomatous orchitis, sucklings can be infected by granulomas in mammary tissue - piglets born normal or weak - progeny pigs: lameness, spondylitis, paralysis - pigs can be permanently infected
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name a reproductive disease in pigs in which only the progeny show clinical signs |
PMC (porcine myocarditis syndrome) |
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clinical signs of JEV in pigs |
- mostly asymptomatic- pigs are the amplifying hosts - stillbirths, mummies, abortion - clinical signs in piglets: weakness, neurological signs, subcutaneous oedema, hydrocephalus, cerebellar hypoplasia |
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other name for blue ear disease |
porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) |
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What are the clinical signs of PRRS? |
breeders: - reproductive signs - mild fever, anorexia
progeny: - resp signs generally associated with secondary infections |
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describe spread and transmission of PRRS virus |
- environmentally unstable- kill with disinfectant, detergent, heat, drying - survives 8-14d in water - < 100 virus particles needed for infection - shed in saliva, nasal secretions, urine, semen and faeces - infection by anything that breaks skin barrier, intranasal, intramuscular, skin, oral, intrauterine and vaginal - can be transmitted transplacentally in third trimester and through milk to piglets w/o colostral antibodies - needles and insect bites - uncommon in semen but can occur - air when have major outbreak and right condition |
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describe the 2 phases of PRRS in a naive pig herd |
phase 1 - lasts 2 wks - rolling inappetance- spreads within 3-7 days throughout herd to all groups/ages - pyrexia (39-41C) - hyperpnoea, dyspnoea - 1-2% blue ears - abortions, RTS, decreased farrow rate, sow mortalities, boars lack libido, reduced semen quality (due to pyrexia) phase 2 - lasts 1-4 months - 5-80% sows abnormal farrowing i.e. dead, weak, premature, mummies - pre weaning piglet mortality 60% - CS in piglets: emaciation, starvation, dyspnoea, hyperpnoea. splay legs, swollen eyelids, secondary infections |
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what is seen on the lungs histologically with PRRS infection? |
intersitial pneumonia and lack of air space in lung this disease selectively kills lung macrophage for 26 days |
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how can diagnosis of PRRS be confirmed in the live pig? |
serology- takes 2-3wks for antibody levels to be high enough |
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what is the average pig slaughter weight? |
75kg |
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what is the legal maximum time a sow can be in a sow stall and be considered "stall free"? |
5 days max |
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what are the minimum size requirements for: a) dry sow stall b) farrowing crates c) sows in group housing |
a) dry stall: 0.6 x 2.2m b) farrowing crate: 0.5 x 2m c) sows in groups: 1.4m2 minimum |
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how long do sows spend in a farrowing crate? |
go in 5 days before farrow and then 3-4wks til weaning so in there for 5wks max 2017 regulation: 6wks maximum |
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intensive housing systems produce > __ pigs weaned/sow per yr and reduction of > __FCR compared to other housing systems |
> 2 pigs weaned/sow/yr >0.2 FCR vs semi-intensive systems |
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describe the common production practices for piglets |
1. teeth clipping - reduce teat injuries - reduce facial necrosis from fighting 2. tail docking - prevent tail biting injuries 3. iron injection - 3 days old, IM neck muscle 4. castration - non surgical < 21 d - surgical > 21 d 5. vaccination - Erysipelothrix, E.coli, Lepto, Parvo - +/- improvac
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what diseases are commonly vaccinated against in pigs? |
- E.coli - Erysipelothrix - Leptospirosis - Parvovirus
+/- improvac (antibodies against GnRH) to reduce boar taint |
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list chest disorders in the pig that occur in Australia |
1. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae 2. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae 3. Haemophilus parasuis 4. Pasteurella multocida 5. Streptococcus suis 6. Mulberry heart disease
* often more than one agent involved in bacterial pneumonias |
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what is the classic clinical presentation of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (enzootic pneumonia) ? |
sudden onset of coughing in growers - when MDA waning (7-12wks to wane) in late grow out phase |
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how far can Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae travel? |
10km |
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what is the incubation period of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae |
2-8wks so quarantine pigs for 6-8wks |
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how can dx of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae be confirmed? |
PCR |
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describe treatment of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in a) naive herd- acute outbreak b) endemic herd |
acute outbreak 1. in water/feed mass medication - tetracycline, lincomysin, tilmicoin etc 2. environmental management
endemic herd 1. vaccination - vaccinate progeny pigs with one or two dose commercial vaccine, if indoor or continuous flow system also want a booster 2. address environmental issues - air flow - stocking density - other stressors - ideally want AI/AO
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how can Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae be eradicated? |
- get rid of all pigs < 10 months old - vaccinate all breeders - medicate for 2 wks in feed i.e. tetracycline, lincomycin or if sows aren't eating inject them with draaxin - have coincide with break in farrowing and take opportunity to clean/repair growing facility (if any pigs are born in this window they must not remain on farm) |
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what age pigs are normally seen infected with APP? |
about 8 wks (20kg), maternal antibodies wane at 8wks |
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APP = |
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae |
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name a respiratory pathogen in pigs that causes sudden death and frothy bloody nasal discharge |
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae |
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name a pathogen that causes immunosuppression in pigs |
porcine circovirus 2 |
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list ddx for APP in pigs |
1. malignant hyperthermia 2. Erysipelas 3. Salmonella 4. Glassers 5. Strep 6. Pasturella multocida 7. Swine fever |
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etiological agent of Glassers disease? |
Haemophilus parasuis |
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list 4 differentials for pleurisy in pigs: |
1. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) 2. Glassers disease 3. Pasturella multocida (strain A, D) 4. Strep |
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what serotypes of Haemophilus parasuis are common in Aus? |
4, 5 and 12 |
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how long until maternal antibodies for Haemophilus parasuis start to wane? |
8-12wks |
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Haemophilus parasuis causes bronchopneumonia and any forms of polyserositis. True or false? |
True |
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is Pasturella gram +ve or gram -ve? |
gram -ve |
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what are the clinical signs of Glassers disease and list 4 differentials |
- sudden death - coughing, open mouth breathing - pyrexia, malaise, inappetance - arthritis- swollen joints - walk stilted, discomfort - neurological signs in end stages- head tilt, recumbent in paddling - collapse of vascular system- cyanotic extremities- often tips of ears slough off
ddx: 1. APP 2. Strep suis II meningitis 3. salt poisoning 4. mulberry heart disease |
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describe diagnosis and treatment of Glassers disease |
diagnosis: 1. clinical signs - highly suggestive but good to do culture 2. culture - euthanase (freshly dead) and then measure 3. PCR - if going to vaccinate to determine serovar
Treatment: 1. antibiotics - based on sensitivity or penicillin or amoxicillin in water 2. vitamin E 3. environmental management 4. vaccination - vaccinate sows pre farrow or vaccinate progeny ( 2 doses) |
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pasturella is readily found on |
tonsils and nasal cavity |
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list a bacteria that can superimpose on Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infections in pigs |
Pasturella (best friends with Mycoplasma) |
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describe diagnosis and treatment of Pasturella in pigs |
diagnosis: 1. clinical signs 2. tracheal wash/aspirate and culture 3. PM - anteroventral consolidation of lungs - lobulated bronchopneumonia, froth in trachea, can get abscessation 4.** always test for Mycoplasma - may also be involved (best friends) treatment: 1. antibiotics - may not be feasible to tx individual animals - tetracycline, amoxycillin - may want to do strategic ABs at susceptible times 2. address environmental issues - rodent control - prevent tail biting (enrichment) - AI/AO 3. autogenous vaccine |
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name an animal extremely important in spread of fowl cholera? |
rodents |
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what is the cause of mulberry heart disease? |
Se deficiency/ vitamin E deficiency |
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what are the clinical signs of Streptococcus suis in pigs? |
1. lameness 2. sudden death 3. meningitis 4. respiratory- unremarkable (purulent bronchopneumonia) |
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what are the predisposing causes for Pasturella infection in pigs? |
1. moving 2. mixing 3. rodents 4. tail biting |
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what are the clinical features of mulberry heart disease |
- affects pigs post weaning (15-30kg) - sudden death - disease and death of biggest pigs in the batch* |
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mortality rate in piglets with Aujeszkys disease? |
up to 100% |
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what are the clinical signs of Aujeszkys in a) piglets b) weaners/growers |
a) piglets - CNS signs: fitting, paddling, dog sitting (paralysis) - diarrhoea - up to 100% mortality
b) weaners/growers - resp signs- sneezing, coughing - stunted wasted animals - lower mortality - * can remain dormant in herd for long time |
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list two conditions in pigs that cause immunosuppression |
1. PCV-2 2. PRRS |
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Natural host of swine influenza? |
ducks |
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in pigs which lung lobes are typically affected with viral pneumonia? |
apical and cardiac lobes *classic clearly demarcated firm purple consolidation |
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list the locomotor conditions that can affect pigs |
1. splay leg in piglets 2. joint ill/neonatal polyarthritis 3. superficial injury/trauma 4. hoof lesions in breeding stock 5. PSS 6. Mycoplama hyorhinus 7. Erysipelas 8. Mycoplasma hyosynoviae arthritis 9. OCD- boron responsive 10. FMD |
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describe pathogenesis of splay leg in piglets |
delayed myelination in HL- so can't adduct HL, can myelin ate PP - don't know cause - cant move away - if all 4 legs euthanise |
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what are the causes of neonatal arthritis in piglets? |
purulent - Strep suis 1 - Arcanobacter pyogenes non- purulent - Haemophilus parasuis (glassers) |
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which species of Mycoplasma causes polyarthritis and painful swollen joints in pigs in Aus? |
Mycoplasma hyosynoviae |
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Mycoplasma hyosynoviae causes fever in 3-5month old pigs. True or false? |
false, does affect 3-5 month old pigs but does not cause fever |
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pigs are amplifiers of FMD. True or false? |
True |
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what are the health impacts of out of feed events? |
- stomach ulcers - haemorrhagic bowel syndrome (distended bloated gut with torsion) - tail biting - salmonella - ileitis - fat deposition |
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what is the etiological agent of meningitis in pigs? |
Streptococcus suis type II |
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if a piglet has meconium staining what does this indicated? |
stressed during birth |
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list the emergency animal diseases and emerging diseases important for pigs |
1. PMWS/PCAVD - PCAVD has emerged in Aus - PMWS is still classed as exotic 2. classical swine fever 3. African swine fever 4. nipah virus 5. Aujeszkys disease 6. PRRS 7. swine influenze 8. FMD 9. TGE 10. JEV |
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what age group of pigs are classically affected by PCV-2? |
8-12wks (when MDA are waning) |
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main differential for lymphadenomegaly in pigs? |
PCV-2 |
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how can we make a definitive diagnosis of PCV-2? |
isolate virus by immunohistochemistry |
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how is African swine fever spread? |
- ticks (Ornithodoros spp) - fomites - direct contact with infected animals
*NOT aerosol |
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Aujeszky's disease is an important EAD and zoonosis. True or false? |
false, is important EAD but is not zoonotic |
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describe the clinical signs of PRRS in a) sows b) piglets c) weaners/growers |
sows - fever, anorexia - stillborns, weak born, mummies piglets - weak, sickly - high mortality - CNS signs - thumping weaners/growers - dyspnoea, anorexia - lethargy, reduced growth rates - conjunctivitis - secondary resp infections common |
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routes of infection of PRRS |
- intranasal, IM, oral, intrauterine, vaginal - breaks in skin, insect bites - vertical transmission in third trimester |
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there is a carrier state of PRRS. True or false? |
false |
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describe the two clinical phases of PRRS |
phase I (2 wks) - 5-75% have viraemia- lethargy, anorexia, pyrexia - rolling inappetance -1-2% get blue ear - RTS, decreased farrow rate, boars have reduced libido phase II (1-4 months) - 5-80% sows late term abortion, premature farrowing - swelling of eyelids, emaciation, dyspnoea, secondary infections
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diagnosis of PRRS |
1. clinical signs 2. serology - can take 3 wks for ABs to appear after exposure and disappear after 6 months 3. virus isolation- PCR 4. PM - intersitial pneumonia - immunoperoxidase staining |
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what is the incubation period of FMD? |
1-5d, up to 21 d |
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what is the most important cause of pathogenic pre-weaning scours in |
E.coli
ETEC F4 (K88) ETEC F5 (K99) |
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what is the signalment for bowel oedema? |
classically 10 days post weaning (~4.5wks old) to the best pigs- the ones growing really well |
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what are the causes of pre-weaning diarrhoea in piglets? |
1. E.coli (2h- weaning) 2. Rotavirus (0-weaning) 3. Coccidia (5-15 d) 4. PRRS (0-weaning) 5. Clostridium perfringens (0-21d) 6. TGE/PED (<21d) 7. Clostridium difficile (1-7d)
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what are the causes of post weaning diarrhoea in pigs? |
1. Lawsonia intracellularis (ileitis) 2. E.coli 3. swine dysentery (Brachyspira hyodysenteriae) 4. Salmonella 5. PCV2 enteritis 6. whipworm 7. roundworm- Ascaris suum 8. gastric ulcers 9. GIT accident 10. aujeszkys disease |
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name the pathotypes of E.coli |
ETEC (enterotoxigenic) - diarrhoea STEC (shiga toxin)- oedema disease EPEC (enteropathogenic) - diarrhoea ExPEC- extraintestinal infections |
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describe treatment of E.coli scours in pre-weaned piglets |
1. electrolytes + glucose 2. antibiotics - depending on C+ s - If in doubt TMS good first point of call |
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yellow pasty "second week scours" in piglets |
coccidiosis |
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what is the aetiological agent of Coccidiosis in pigs? |
Cystoisospora suis |
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describe diagnosis and treatment of coccidiosis in piglets |
diagnosis: 1. clinical signs - yellow pasty second week scours - not febrile 2. faecal samples - faecal fat - fat doesnt get absorbed - flotation for oocysts 3. PM - nothing specific grossly - histopath: definitive diagnosis
Treatment: 1. TMS PO or IM q3-4d 2. toltrazuril PO q4-5d 3. oral electrolytes 4. hygiene - need heat, normal disinfectants dont get rid of
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ddx haemorrhagic diarrhoea? |
1. Lawsonia intracellularis (> 16wks) 2. Swine dysentery 3. ruptured ulcer 4. Haemorrhagic bowel syndrome- Clostridia 5. heavy whipworm burden |
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describe the clinical signs of Clostridium perfringens |
per acute - sudden death (w/o scouring) within 2 d of birth - haemorrhagic diarrhoea - depression, moribund - blackening of skin acute - reddish-brown diarrhoea - perineal scaling - survive for 1-2 days after onset of signs subacute - still BAR at onset but then fade over 5-7 days - yellow diarrhoea becoming very watery with necrotic debris chronic - develop scours- intermittent diarrhoea and wasting over 1-2 wks - euthanasia |
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How can clostridial enteritis be prevented in piglets? |
1. vaccination type C- vaccine sows with sheep vaccine 6 and 3 wks pre-farrow type A- autogenous vaccine 2. hygiene use bleach disinfectant if outdoor move farrowing huts onto fresh ground |
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how can E.coli scours be prevented in pigs? |
1. vaccination - gilts get first one at 6 wks pre- farrow and all gilts/sows get at 3 wks pre-farrow and annual booster 2 gilt feedback 3. environmental management - make sure sow providing colostrum and that piglets are drinking it
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what are the WHP for following drugs in pigs : tylosin lincomycin meloxicam |
tylosin- nil lincomycin- 2 days meloxicam- 4 days |
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describe treatment and prevention of post weaning E.coli |
Treatment 1. antibiotics - TMS - neomycin - apramycin through water 2. NSAID - meloxicam, flunixin 3. hydration, electrolytes 4. address environmental deficiencies
Prevention 1. zinc oxide in feed - 2wks post weaning at 2400-3000ppm - interferes with binding 2. acidification of feed - bc E.coli likes alkaline environment 3. probiotics? 4. autogenous vaccine |
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what are the two forms of ileitis (Lawsonia intracellularis)? |
1. PPE/PIA <16wks - most common - chronic scours due to chronic thickening of terminal ileum - loss of BCS, increased variation in weights in group - loss of production- reduced feed utilisation 2. PHE > 16wks - acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea- black faeces |
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once a pig has been naturally exposed to Lawsonia intracellular is it will be immune for life. True or false? |
True |
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how old are pigs when they get Lawsonia intracellular is infection? |
MDA persist for 6wks so usually dont see disease until about 8-9wks old (2 months)
and is cycled in herd through progeny pigs not breeder pigs - pigs are infected from faeces of growers/finishers not sows |
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describe diagnosis and treatment of swine dysentery |
diagnosis: 1. clinical signs - haemorrhagic diarrhoea with mucus - dehydrated - death uncommon** 2. PM - only LI affected (unlike ileitis)
Treatment: 1. antibiotics - tiamulin and lincomycin 2. electrolytes or glucose solution 3. diet alteration - rice based may help |
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name two potential causes of rectal stricture in pigs |
1. Salmonella 2. rectal prolapse |
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Salmonella in pigs is often associated with |
immunosuppression (i.e. PCV-2 ) |
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antibiotics of choice to treat swine dysentery? |
tiamulin and lincomycin |
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button ulcers and diphtheric membrane seen on intestines in a pig PM should lead you to suspect what? |
Salmonella typhimurium |
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clinical signs of salmonella typhimurium in weaned piglets |
- bright yellow diarrhoea - rectal stricture - can become a chronic wasting condition |
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which anthelmintics can be used to treat Ascaris suum? |
- levamisole (adults) - morantel citrate - ivermectins - BZs i.e. fenbendazole |
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what are the rules for a pig to be fit to load? |
1. must be able to walk unassisted on all 4 legs 2. not affected by injury, ill health or abnormality issues that could lead to a compromise in welfare, food safety or product quality during transport or processing 3. complies with MCOP for animal welfare and land transport of livestock |
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what are the rules for transporting suspect pigs? |
1. must still be fit to load 2. must be identified i.e. mark, tag 3. must be separated on truck at rear- first on and last off truck 4. must be recorded in pig pass |
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what are the rules for transporting pigs with rectal prolapses? |
if > 30cm or been present for > 48h dont load
only if small and fresh and mark as suspect |
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under what conditions can a pig with a hernia be transported? |
- small compared to pig - < 30cm - not dragging on ground or ulcerated - not impeding locomotor function/animal walking |
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for the following scenarios claim whether or not the pig can be transported a) small abscess b) multiple abscesses c) >80 d pregnant d) blind in one eye e) blind in both eyes f) BCS < 2 |
a) small abscess - yes load b) multiple abscesses- dont load, investigate or cull on farm c) >80 d pregnant- dont load (cant go >2h without water) d) blind in one eye- load, mark as suspect e) blind in both eyes - dont load, cull on farm f) BCS < 2 - dont load |
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list the constituents of MCOP for pig welfare |
1. readily accessible, appropriate and sufficient feed and water 2. adequate shelter to protect from climatic extremes 3. opportunity to display appropriate patterns of behaviour 4. physical handling in a manner which minimises likelihood of unreasonable or unnecessary pain or distress 5. protection from and/or rapid diagnosis and correct treatment of injury or disease 6. freedom for necessary movement including to stand, stretch and lie down 7. visual and social contact with other pigs |
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acceptable methods of euthanising a pig? |
1. blunt - < 15kg 2. firearm (0.22 calibre min) - > 15kg 3. captive bolt - penetrative >30kg - non penetrative < 30kg 4. CO2 |
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evidence of death of pig |
- standing animal collapses - tongue hangs out - no blinking or eye reflexes - no response when pinch nose - no vocalisation - no rhythmic breathing or heart beat - strong paddling reflex |
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describe how to sex chicks if a brown sire and white hen are mixed |
males: - white/yellow - round red spot on head and neck - may have one stripe down back
females: - buffy red colour - red around eyes - 2-4 stripes down back |
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FCR in meat poultry? |
< 1.6 |
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selection criteria for poultry |
- growth (2kg in a month) - meat yield (70%) - FCR ( < 1.6) - egg production /fertility - disease resistance and liveability (< 5%)
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how much can broiler chicks grow in a week? |
4-5 x their hatch weight can grow 5 fold in 7 days |
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what are the factors influencing production and health in poultry industries? |
multifactorial, involving the bird, the environment and pathogens Bird - genetics - stage of production - age Environment - management - nutrition - biosecurity Pathogen - virus - bacteria - parasite |
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fill in the blanks:
for meat chickens the first week mortality should be less than _____ and should be losing more than____ on daily basis thereafter |
for meat chickens the first week mortality should be less than 1.5% and should be losing more than 0.1% on daily basis thereafter |
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What are the steps when evaluating a poultry enterprise ? |
1. history 2. clinical findings- walk through shed 3. PM + samples |
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number of birds to submit for PM |
6 is a reasonable number need combination of freshly euthanised and freshly dead |
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what are the acceptable methods to euthanise a chicken? |
1. cervical dislocation - manually or with pliers 2. lethal injection 3. inhalation euthanasia |
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Salmonella can get into the egg before the hard shell is laid down. True or false? |
true |
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when doing PMs for chickens what samples should be taken? |
- breast tissue for bacterial culture and viral isolation - fixed tissue for histopath - intestinal mucosa for scrapings - parasites - water samples - feed samples - sawdust/bedding/litter samples - swabs of environment - bloods from cutaneous ulnar vein - cloacal and throat swabs- screening for NDV |
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poor litter has the potential to cause what diseases in poultry? |
- coccidiosis - respiratory disease - ammonia burns- hock, breast |
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what level of lighting do layers need ? |
10-25 lux |
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how can you tell if a hen is in lay? |
distance between pin bones 2-3 fingers (if less than this = not in lay- ligaments contracted) |
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all the viral diseases in poultry cause |
egg drop |
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etiological agent of chronic respiratory disease in chickens? |
Mycoplasma gallisepticum |
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list respiratory diseases in chickens |
1. chronic respiratory disease (MG) 2. colibacilosis 3. NDV 4. infectious bronchitis (IB) 5. infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) 6. infectious coryza 7. avian influenza (AI) 8. aspergillosis |
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Mycoplasma gallisepticum commonly predisposes to secondary infection true or false? |
true E.coli common opportunist that is involved |
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describe diagnosis, treatment and prevention of chronic respiratory disease in poultry |
Diagnosis: 1. clinical signs - coughing - nasal and ocular discharge - egg drop 2. PM - air saculitis - damage to lungs - pericarditis and perihepatitis (E.coli) - catarrhal inflammation of URT and conducting airways 3. serology 4. PCR = best method*
Treatment 1. depopulate - only way to get rid of because bird remains infected for life
Prevention 1. AI/AO 2. establish flock from negative donor flocks 3. routine serological surveillance 4. appropriate biosecurity |
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what is the main antibiotic used in production chickens in WA? and what are the WHPs? |
chlortetracycline (CTC) 60mg/kg 0 day egg WHP 7 day meat WHP |
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most common treatment for colibacilosis in chickens? |
usually need to cull |
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transmission of E.coli in chickens? |
oral, inhalation or via dirty eggs (bacterial contamination) |
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describe diagnosis, treatment and prevention of colibacilosis in poultry |
Diagnosis - based on CS, can do culture but waste of time bc generally cull anyway 1. clinical signs - coughing and sneezing (respiratory snick) - difficulty breathing - find chicks dead or dying - depression, poor appetite - omphalitis (navel infections) - laying birds may have reproductive infection, egg bound, egg peritonitis 2. PM findings - air sacculitis - pericarditis, perihepatitis, peritonitis - omphalitis - synovitis and arthritis
Treatment = cull
Prevention - fix ventilation and temp - automated sheds better - good hygiene at breeder farm and hatchery - if getting day old chicks- look at hatchery hygine - good hygiene at farm level, good sanitation of food and water |
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avian paramyxovirus 1 causes what disease in poultry ? |
Newcastle disease |
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what are the 5 NDV pathotypes? |
1. asymptomatic- enteric 2. lentogenic- mild (vaccine strain**- resp) 3. mesogenic - mod- resp/neuro, low mortality 4. neurotropic velogenic -virulent - neuro/resp 5. viscerotropic velogenic - virulent- sudden death/GI |
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NDV is very persistent and can last up to a yr in dust and fomites. True or false? |
true |
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haemorrhage and necrosis in proventriculus- most likely ddx? |
NDV |
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wrinkly egg shells are typical of? |
infectious bronchitis (IB) - coronavirus |
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methods of transmission of newcastle disease? |
1. aerosol 2. direct bird to bird 3. fomites and on people - no vertical transmission |
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diagnosis of NDV? |
1. clinical signs - death - coughing, dyspnoea, swollen sinuses - nervous signs: star gazing, paralysis, twisted necks - egg drop 2. PM findings - **haemorhage and necrosis in proventriculus, intestine, caecal tonsils - air sacculitis and a lot of fluid (ddx MG), tracheitis 3. rising serological titres 4. virus isolation |
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you crack some freshly laid eggs and they are watery white inside. What disease do you immediately suspect? |
infectious bronchitis virus |
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list 2 diseases of poultry that cause torticollis (wry neck) |
1. newcastle disease 2. fowl cholera |
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paired caecal tonsils are often a target for pathology in outbreak of _______? |
Newcastle disease |
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describe clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of infectious bronchitis in chickens |
clinical signs: - wrinkly eggs, poor quality egg white - respiratory signs - wet litter (due to urinary tract involvement) - depression, huddling inappetant
diagnosis: 1. clinical signs - eggs characteristic 2. PM - mild -mod resp tract inflammation- tracheitis, tracheal oedema, air saculitis - caseous material/cheesy plugs in airways - accumulation of irate crystals in kidneys and ureters
Treatment 1. antibiotics for secondary infection i.e. E.coli 2. vaccination
Prevention: 1. biosecurity 2. environmental management |
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aetiological agent of infectious laryngotracheitis in chickens? |
herpesvirus |
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what age group of chickens get ILT? |
won't be seen in chickens < 5 wks old due to MDA |
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you are doing a PM on a layer hen and find the kidneys and ureters full of urates, what viral disease are you suspicious of? |
infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) |
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gaspers |
aspergillosis |
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mortality rate of ILT? |
up to 70% |
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type A orthomyxovirus in chickens = |
avian influenza |
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which are the highly pathogenic avian influenza strains? |
H5 and H7
doesnt mean that all types with H5 or H7 are highly pathogenic but means can only be highly pathogenic if has H5 or H7 |
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severe cyanosis of wattles and combs combined with respiratory signs and green diarrhoea- what is most likely diagnosis? |
avian influenza |
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incubation period of avian influenza? |
3-5 days |
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describe clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) in poultry |
clinical signs: - respiratory difficulty/gasping - coughing up blood and mucus - egg drop - sinus discharge, ocular discharge, nasal discharge
diagnosis: 1. clinical signs 2. PM - severe laryngotracheitis - mucoid and mucus plugs
Treatment = non
Prevention 1. vaccine - after 4 wks so dont interfere with MDA 2. management - biosecurity - hygiene - AI/AO - keep susceptible stock separate |
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what is the most likely way a flock will come into contact with AI? |
low pathogenic AI strain
as replicates becomes unstable and as moves becomes highly pathogenic |
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what are the clinical signs and PM findings of avian influenza? |
clinical signs: - sudden death - egg drop - coughing, nasal and ocular discharge - green diarrhoea - paralysis - swollen face, severe cyanosis of combs and wattles
PM findings: - subcutaneous oedema in head and neck - haemorrhage in proventriculus, gizzard, LNs - air sacculitis, tracheitis, conjunctivitis, sinusitis - ovarian regression or haemorrhage - necrosis of comb and wattle skin - dehydration, muscle congestion
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ddx nervous signs in chickens? |
- NDV - avian encephalitis - Mareks (paralysis) - AI (paralysis) - aspergillosis (rare) |
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list 2 differentials for finding haemorrhages in the proventriculus on PM |
1. NDV 2. AI |
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etiological agent of infectious coryza? |
Avibacterium paragalinarum |
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transmission of Avibacterium paragallinarum |
rapid spread via aerosols, birds and fomites route of infection: conjunctival or nasal incubation period 1-3 days |
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differentials for chicken with swollen face? |
1. infectious coryza 2. avian influenza 3. fowl cholera
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describe diagnosis, treatment and prevention of infectious coryza |
Diagnosis: 1. clinical signs - swollen face and wattles - sneezing, dyspnoea - catarrhal inflammation of URT esp nasal and sinus mucosa - purulent ocular and nasal discharge - loss in condition, reduced appetite - egg drop - whole flock affected within 10d, high morbidity, low mortality 2. PM - cheesy purulent material in conjunctiva, sinus Treatment: 1. CTC 60mg/kg 2. vaccination Prevention: 1. source stock from coryza free flocks 2. AI/AO 3.+/- vaccination |
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which species of Aspergillus affect chickens? |
A. fumigatus, A. flavis |
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clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of aspergillosis in poultry |
clinical signs: - commonly meat birds - gaspers - usu < 3 wks old - mortality up to 50% - neuro signs (rare) - weak, ill thrift
Diagnosis: 1. clinical signs 2. PM - gross lesions- nodules/plaques in lungs, air sacs, trachea, peritoneal cavity - brain lesions in some birds with neuro signs
Treatment = cull Prevention = hygiene - hygiene of hatchery, litter etc |
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most important enteric disease of poultry? |
coccidiosis |
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name the coccidia species that affect chickens and say where in the body they manifest |
1. Eimeria acervulina- duodenal loop 2. Eimeria brunetti- LI 3. Eimeria tenella- paired caeca 4. Eimeria maxima 5. E. necatrix |
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incubation period of coccidia in chickens? |
4-6 days |
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which Eimeria species in the chicken has highest mortality? |
E. tenella (in paired caeca) |
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what is the major economic impact of coccidiosis in poultry? |
decreased feed efficiency |
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there is coccidiosis in a meat chicken flock but ionophores are being used in the feed, what should you investigate? |
investigate reasons for reduced feed intake i.e. cold birds dont eat as much - environmental
(also investigate hygiene?) |
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describe treatment and prevention of coccidiosis in poultry |
Treatment: 1. in water medication - amprolium - toltrazuril
Prevention: 1. ionophores in feed - monensin, salinomycin, narosin 2. hygiene and shed management - AI/AO - infection is via oocysts in faeces so hygiene important 3. controlled exposure in pullets 4. shuttle or rotation programs 5. vaccinate (paracox) - layers - dont vaccinate meat birds in Aus |
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what does Clostridium perfringens cause in chickens? |
necrotic enteritis |
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chick anaemia virus only shows clinical signs in adults. True or false? |
false - no signs in adults |
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what etiological agents do ionophores protect against in chickens? |
Eimeria Clostridia (necrotic enteritis) |
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which Eimeria species in chickens is least pathogenic ? |
Eimeria maximus |
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which Eimeria species in chickens cause bloody droppings? |
E. tenella E. necatrix E. brunetti |
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what are the predisposing factors for necrotic enteritis in poultry? |
1. coccidiosis 2. high viscosity diets i.e. high wheata 3. high protein diet 4. other concurrent disease |
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causes bloody enteritis and sudden death in turkeys |
haemorrhagic enteritis (type 2 adenovirus) |
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caramel coloured wet droppings in chickens? |
Spirochaetes |
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disease that causes dark congested combs in turkeys |
corona virus enteritis (blue comb) |
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describe clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of spirochetes in chickens |
clinical signs - * important outdoor birds - caramel coloured wet droppings - dirty eggs from scouring - marked increase in dirty eggs may be first thing producer notices - egg drop, reduced egg weights, delayed onset of lay - reduced weight gain in meat birds - pasty vents- scouring diagnosis 1. clinical signs 2. faecal analysis - culture (slow but best) - PCR treatment 1. antibiotics - as soon as withdraw it can recur - zinc bacitracin in feed - tiamulin - lincomycin - xylanase enzymes in feed 2. optimising gut health w.o antibiotics prevention 1. reduce interaction with wild birds - i.e. eliminate shared water sources 2. control wild birds and rodent s |
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what are the influences on water intake and deposition rates in poultry? |
anti-nutritional factors 1. dysbacteriosis in meat birds - orange/yellow droppings - if dont have enzyme supplementation - cereals such as wheat and barley can be poorly digested 2. excess lupins - chooks can't digest 3. rancid fats and oils - causes to drink more water and hence excrete more toxins 1. mycotoxins - use of binders i.e. charcoal and mycotoxin inactivators pathogens 1. coccidiosis 2. salmonella 3. C. jejuni 4. spirochaetes 5. E.coli 6. enteroviruses nutritional imbalances 1. TDS too high - should be < 1000ppm 2. excess iron and manganese - drop water consumption bc are bitter 3. excess nitrates - as low as 10ppm will negatively impact performance |
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acceptable TDS in poultry drinking water? |
< 1000 ppm |
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what humidity level should the poultry house be at? |
< 70% |
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morbidity and mortality of Mareks disease |
morbidity up to 50% mortality up to 100% |
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what causes 'floppy broiler syndrome' ? |
Mareks disease |
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what are the 3 Mareks syndromes? |
1. neurological - paralysis- draghino of wings, legs - floppy broiler syndrome 2. visceral - tumours in heart, ovary, testes, muscles, lungs - weight loss 3. cutaneous - tumours of feather follicles - skin around feather follicles becomes raised and roughened |
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marked thickening of nerves is pathognomonic for what disease in poultry? |
Mareks disease |
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treatment and prevention of Mareks disease |
Treatment: 1. cull
Prevention 1. good hygiene (survives in dander/environment up to 65%) 2. AI/AO 3. vaccinate the egg - vaccinate for resistant strains as day old in vivo 4. genetic selection - gene marker B21
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route of infection for fowl pox? |
biting insects (mosquitos) and skin damage |
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two forms of fowl pox |
1. dry form - still happily eat and drink - not a problem - cutaneous dry scabby lesions 2. diphtheric form - inside mouth |
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aetiological agent of fowl cholera? |
Pasturella multocida |
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Mycoplasma spp survive for a long time outside the host. True or false? |
false |
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aetiological agent of infectious synovitis in poultry? |
Mycoplasma synoviae |
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how can infectious synovitis be treated and prevented in poultry ? |
Treatment: 1. antibiotics - tylosin or CTC/OTC 2. depopulate - Mycoplasma doesnt survive long in environment so can eliminate instead of treating
Prevetion: 1. purchase MS free chicks 2. AI/AO 3. good biosecurity 4. vaccines - not that good
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preferred diagnostic test for Mycoplasma? |
PCR |
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why is fowl cholera mainly a problem with free range layers? |
because have increased contact with wild/feral animals |
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what age group of poultry are affected by Fowl cholera? |
> 6 wks old because have MDA before then due to vaccination |
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producer walks into poultry shed to find group of dead birds that were completely fine yesterday now dead with septicaemic appearance most likely diagnosis? |
fowl cholera (Pasturella multocida)
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cause of epidemic tremor in chickens? |
avian encephalomyelitis |
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route of infection of fowl cholera? |
- cannabilism (have to get sick and dead birds out and rodents bc are reservoir for infection) - oral/nasal route - flock addition, flying birds, predators, rodents, infected premises - transmission via nasal exudate, faeces, contaminated soil, equipment and people |
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describe clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of fowl cholera |
clinical signs: - fine day before now whole group dead - sick bird look, dehydrated, sad - nasal and ocular discharge, coughing, resp noise - swollen wattles and face - sudden death - swollen joints and lameness (ddx infectious synovitis)
diagnosis: 1. clinical signs 2. PM - sometimes haemorrhages at a few sites - enteritis, yolk peritonitis - focal hepatitis - purulent arthritis - cooked pig lungs in turkeys 3. impression smear 4. culture= best diagnostic - Pasturella is easy to grow
Treatment: 1. CTC 60mg/kg - often in water initially and then follow up in feed 2-3wks
Prevention 1. good farm biosecurity 2. good rodent control and hygiene 3. vaccination is an option |
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morality rate for chick anaemia virus? |
10-60% in progeny around 2wks old |
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how is CAV transmitted to chicks |
vertical and horizontal transmission vertical more common |
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treatment of spotty liver syndrome in chickens? |
CTC 60mg/kg (cause unknown) |
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clinical signs and differentials for avian encephalomyelitis |
- intention tremor - ataxia - depression - egg drop and decreased hatchability
ddx: 1. NDV 2. AI |
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botulinum toxin that normally affects chickens |
type C |
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common aetiologic agents involved in femoral head necrosis in meat chickens? |
Staph aureus most common also Strep, E.coli |
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list the external parasites which can affect chickens |
- chicken/red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) - scaly leg mite (Cnemicodoptes mutans) - stick fast flea (Echidnophaia) - lice (Menacanthus stramineus) |
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how can chicken red mite be treated? |
1. malthion or pyrethrins 2. environmental fumigation of coop/shed |
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list treatment options for scaly leg mite |
1. dunking in vegetable oil several times a week - helps to suffocate mites and life crusts 2. MLs- ivermectin or moxidectin - WHP for egs |
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list treatment options for stick fast fleas |
1. baby oil, vaseline 2. maidison solution or carbaryl dust
fipronil?
and need to treat environment |
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treatment of lice in chickens ? |
malathion spray |
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what is the most common nematode in chickens? |
Ascaridia galli |
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list the endoparasite treatments available for poultry |
1. levamisole 2. piperazine 3. ivermectin |
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what is the importance of the tick Argus persicus in chickens? |
harbours the spirochaete Borrelia anserina = etiological agent of tick fever |
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main ddx for tick fever in chickens? |
Mareks disease |
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antibiotic of choice for tick fever in poultry? |
penicillin |
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what are the clinical signs of tick fever in chickens? |
- paralysed - listless, depressed - shivering (fever) - increased thirst - anaemia - egg drop - marked enlargement and mottling of spleen |
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most common cause of bloody faeces in chickens? |
coccidia
(Histomonas meleagridis can also cause) |
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list 2 diseases of poultry in which you may see enlarged caeca with caseous cores on PM |
1. Salmonella 2. Histomonas meleagridis |
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treatment of pendulous crop? |
crop reduction surgery |
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most common bacteria involved in bumble foot in chickens? |
Staph aureus |
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how should you treat a chicken with bumble foot? |
1. clean and debride under sedation 2. ABs 3. environmental management/hygiene |
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treatment options for candida in chickens? |
1. nystatin PO in water 2. CuSO4 - in feed for 5 days or water for 3 days |
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candida in chickens is often associated with |
crop stasis or dilated crop or could be secondary to antibiotic treatment |
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what are the necessary nutritional requirements for a chicken to lay an egg? |
300kcal energy 20g CP 4g Ca 3g P in a complete diet |
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if suspect Glassers disease and pig is dead will Haemophilus parasuis be there to culture? |
no |
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liver capsule scarring |
resolving peritonitis
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name 2 organisms which can cause bronchopneumonia in pigs |
Mycoplasma Pasturella |
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list 2 differentials for general septicaemia |
Streptococcus PCVAD |
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list differentials for abnormal kidneys seen on PM in pigs |
- Erysipelas - Leptospirosis - PDNS (skin and kidney lesions) - Haemophilus parasuis (glassers) - PCVA2 - Streptococcus
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ddx for abnormal joints in pigs on PM |
- Strep - Erysipelas - Haemophilus parasuis |
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gold standard diagnostic test for PCV2? |
IHC |
