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149 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Integumentary system |
Skin, cutis, integument and its derivatives |
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Functions of the skin |
Protection (physical barrier, sensory organ, immunologic surveillance)
Homeostatis (Thermoregulation, Fluid Electrocyte Balance)
Endocrine Functions (hormone secretionLayer) |
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Layers of the skin |
Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis/Subcutaneous Tissue |
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Epidermis |
Paper thin covering Tough epithelial barrier Brown or light brown color NO bleeding Function: protective barrier |
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Dermis |
Thick supportive layer: dense connective tissue Vascular Thick and white Gritty and tough collagen fibers Moderate bleeding Functions: pliability, elasticity and tensile strength |
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Hypodermis |
Modified loose connective tissue (rich in adipose) Thin and white Yellow when fats present Least resistance to infection Soft bec. Fat Plane of dissection Blood starts to flow and blobs of fat pops Function: insulator, shock absorber, energy storage |
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Where is pilosebaceous unit found |
Dermis/hypodermis |
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Keratinization gives rise to how many layers in the epidermis |
10-20 |
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Process |
1. Stem cells in stratum basale divide 2. Differentiate and keratinize towards stratum corneum (mitotic layer-differentiating layer- fully differentiated stratum corneum) 3. Change in shape (flattening and stacking of cells) 4. Loss of nuclei/ organelles 5. Thickened plasma membrane |
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How long is the skin cycle? |
30 days |
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Epidermis |
Paper thin covering Tough epithelial barrier Brown or light brown color NO bleeding Function: protective barrier |
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Dermis |
Thick supportive layer: dense connective tissue Vascular Thick and white Gritty and tough collagen fibers Moderate bleeding Functions: pliability, elasticity and tensile strength |
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Hypodermis |
Modified loose connective tissue (rich in adipose) Thin and white Yellow when fats present Least resistance to infection Soft bec. Fat Plane of dissection Blood starts to flow and blobs of fat pops Function: insulator, shock absorber, energy storage |
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Where is pilosebaceous unit found |
Dermis/hypodermis |
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Keratinization gives rise to how many layers in the epidermis |
10-20 |
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Process |
1. Stem cells in stratum basale divide 2. Differentiate and keratinize towards stratum corneum (mitotic layer-differentiating layer- fully differentiated stratum corneum) 3. Change in shape (flattening and stacking of cells) 4. Loss of nuclei/ organelles 5. Thickened plasma membrane |
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How long is the skin cycle? |
30 days |
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Layers of the epidermis |
Stratum corneum Stratum Granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum Basale Stratum Lucidum |
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Barrier of stratum corneum |
Physical Barrier and water loss barrier |
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Epidermis |
Paper thin covering Tough epithelial barrier Brown or light brown color NO bleeding Function: protective barrier |
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Dermis |
Thick supportive layer: dense connective tissue Vascular Thick and white Gritty and tough collagen fibers Moderate bleeding Functions: pliability, elasticity and tensile strength |
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Hypodermis |
Modified loose connective tissue (rich in adipose) Thin and white Yellow when fats present Least resistance to infection Soft bec. Fat Plane of dissection Blood starts to flow and blobs of fat pops Function: insulator, shock absorber, energy storage |
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Where is pilosebaceous unit found |
Dermis/hypodermis |
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Keratinization gives rise to how many layers in the epidermis |
10-20 |
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Process |
1. Stem cells in stratum basale divide 2. Differentiate and keratinize towards stratum corneum (mitotic layer-differentiating layer- fully differentiated stratum corneum) 3. Change in shape (flattening and stacking of cells) 4. Loss of nuclei/ organelles 5. Thickened plasma membrane |
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How long is the skin cycle? |
30 days |
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Layers of the epidermis |
Stratum corneum Stratum Granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum Basale Stratum Lucidum |
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Barrier of stratum corneum |
Physical Barrier and water loss barrier |
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Stratum Corneum |
Most Keratinized End product of keratinization Brick (keratin-filled and anucleated cell) and mortar(intercellular lipid: ceramide) |
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Epidermis |
Paper thin covering Tough epithelial barrier Brown or light brown color NO bleeding Function: protective barrier |
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Compare thick and thin skin |
Thick: thicker stratum corneum more layers of epidermis, Deeper interdigitations, can be found in palms, and fingers Stratum lucidum is visible |
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Dermis |
Thick supportive layer: dense connective tissue Vascular Thick and white Gritty and tough collagen fibers Moderate bleeding Functions: pliability, elasticity and tensile strength |
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Hypodermis |
Modified loose connective tissue (rich in adipose) Thin and white Yellow when fats present Least resistance to infection Soft bec. Fat Plane of dissection Blood starts to flow and blobs of fat pops Function: insulator, shock absorber, energy storage |
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Where is pilosebaceous unit found |
Dermis/hypodermis |
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Keratinization gives rise to how many layers in the epidermis |
10-20 |
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Process |
1. Stem cells in stratum basale divide 2. Differentiate and keratinize towards stratum corneum (mitotic layer-differentiating layer- fully differentiated stratum corneum) 3. Change in shape (flattening and stacking of cells) 4. Loss of nuclei/ organelles 5. Thickened plasma membrane |
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How long is the skin cycle? |
30 days |
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Layers of the epidermis |
Stratum corneum Stratum Granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum Basale Stratum Lucidum |
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Barrier of stratum corneum |
Physical Barrier and water loss barrier |
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Stratum Corneum |
Most Keratinized End product of keratinization Brick (keratin-filled and anucleated cell) and mortar(intercellular lipid: ceramide) |
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Epidermis |
Paper thin covering Tough epithelial barrier Brown or light brown color NO bleeding Function: protective barrier |
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Compare thick and thin skin |
Thick: thicker stratum corneum more layers of epidermis, Deeper interdigitations, can be found in palms, and fingers Stratum lucidum is visible |
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Stratum Granulosum |
Most superficial non-keratinized layer 1-3 cells thick Has keratohyalin granules |
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Dermis |
Thick supportive layer: dense connective tissue Vascular Thick and white Gritty and tough collagen fibers Moderate bleeding Functions: pliability, elasticity and tensile strength |
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Hypodermis |
Modified loose connective tissue (rich in adipose) Thin and white Yellow when fats present Least resistance to infection Soft bec. Fat Plane of dissection Blood starts to flow and blobs of fat pops Function: insulator, shock absorber, energy storage |
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Where is pilosebaceous unit found |
Dermis/hypodermis |
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Keratinization gives rise to how many layers in the epidermis |
10-20 |
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Process |
1. Stem cells in stratum basale divide 2. Differentiate and keratinize towards stratum corneum (mitotic layer-differentiating layer- fully differentiated stratum corneum) 3. Change in shape (flattening and stacking of cells) 4. Loss of nuclei/ organelles 5. Thickened plasma membrane |
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How long is the skin cycle? |
30 days |
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Layers of the epidermis |
Stratum corneum Stratum Granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum Basale Stratum Lucidum |
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Barrier of stratum corneum |
Physical Barrier and water loss barrier |
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Stratum Corneum |
Most Keratinized End product of keratinization Brick (keratin-filled and anucleated cell) and mortar(intercellular lipid: ceramide) |
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Epidermis |
Paper thin covering Tough epithelial barrier Brown or light brown color NO bleeding Function: protective barrier |
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Compare thick and thin skin |
Thick: thicker stratum corneum more layers of epidermis, Deeper interdigitations, can be found in palms, and fingers Stratum lucidum is visible |
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Stratum Granulosum |
Most superficial non-keratinized layer 1-3 cells thick Has keratohyalin granules |
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Keratohyaline granules |
Produce filaggrin and tricohyalin |
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Dermis |
Thick supportive layer: dense connective tissue Vascular Thick and white Gritty and tough collagen fibers Moderate bleeding Functions: pliability, elasticity and tensile strength |
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Hypodermis |
Modified loose connective tissue (rich in adipose) Thin and white Yellow when fats present Least resistance to infection Soft bec. Fat Plane of dissection Blood starts to flow and blobs of fat pops Function: insulator, shock absorber, energy storage |
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Where is pilosebaceous unit found |
Dermis/hypodermis |
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Keratinization gives rise to how many layers in the epidermis |
10-20 |
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Process |
1. Stem cells in stratum basale divide 2. Differentiate and keratinize towards stratum corneum (mitotic layer-differentiating layer- fully differentiated stratum corneum) 3. Change in shape (flattening and stacking of cells) 4. Loss of nuclei/ organelles 5. Thickened plasma membrane |
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How long is the skin cycle? |
30 days |
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Layers of the epidermis |
Stratum corneum Stratum Granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum Basale Stratum Lucidum |
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Barrier of stratum corneum |
Physical Barrier and water loss barrier |
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Keratohyaline granules |
Produce filaggrin and tricohyalin (Promotes aggregation of keratin filaments) |
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Stratum Basale |
Thickest layer Where End products of mitosis crowd together Cells are connected by desmosome Larger keratinocyte (compared to stratum basale) Lamellar granule start their life at stratum spinosum
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Bone-marrow derived From common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) cells Immune cells Dendritic resident macrophage Found in mid epidermis |
Langerhans cells |
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Langerhans cell are part of what system? Function? |
Mononuclear phagocytic system Function: antigen-presenting cell and responsible for contact dermititis |
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In EM what does langerhans look like |
Nucleus with indentions and birbeck granules or tennis shaped granules Stain: gold chloride |
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Located in basal epidermis layer Apposed with nerve ending papillary dermis Presence of dense-core neurosecretory granules |
Merkel cell |
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Function of merkel cell |
Light touch Soft adapting sustained discharge Abundant in finger tips |
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Epidermal-dermal interdigitation |
Peg and socket Attach epi and dermis Fingerprint |
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Finger-like CT protrusions that project in the undersurface of epidermis |
Dermal papillae |
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Downward projection of the epidermis |
Epidermal ridges or rete ridges |
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Makes the skin a good organ of support Nourishes the epi and appendages thru blood vessels Sensory and autonomic functions |
Dermis |
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Dermis gives the ff? |
Elasticity (back in shape) Tensile strength( withstand pressure) |
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Stratum Lucidum |
Contains eosinophilic cell |
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Layers of dermis |
Papillary dermis Reticular dermis Skin tension lines |
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Papillary dermis |
More superficial layer of dermis consist of loose CT Predominantly type 1 and 3 collagen Has elastic network of loose fibers And diffusion of nutrients occur because of capillaries |
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Prominent structure in papillary dermis: |
Cells, ground substance and capillaries |
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Made up of irregular dense CT Thicker and less cellular than papillary Thick and irregular bundles of type 1 collagen and coarser elastic fiber Stained with Orcein For elasticity and tensile strength |
Reticular dermis |
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Loose connective fibers in retucular dermis |
Oxytalan and Eulanin |
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It is where the skin naturally folds and where collagen align |
Skin tension lines |
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It is a abnormality in elastin fibers( very loose skin, elastic fibers degenerated, genetic effect) |
Cutis laxa |
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Attack on fibroblast thus produce excessive collagen -thick skin and mouth cannot close bec very tight |
Scleroderma |
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Form vascular networks for continuous blood flow between papillary and reticular dermis and reticular dermis with hypodermis
Includes superficial and deep vascular plexus |
Blood vessels |
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What are the blood vessels in the epidermis and appendages in dermis and hypodermis? |
Epidermis: capillaries loop in dermal papilla Dermis: sebaceous gland and hair follicles |
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Other cells in epidermis |
Melanocyte Langerhans Merkel cell |
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Blind ending lymphatic capillaries Unidirectional Follows the course of veins Absorbs excess plasma from intracellular spaces |
Lymphatic vessels |
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What are the thermoregulatory components? |
Glomus bodies(AV shunts) Eccrine Gland |
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Conserve heat by diverting blood from the arteries into veins without passing through capillaries |
Glomus Bodies |
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Most abundant skin gland Excrete sweat, metals, organic compounds etc Directly opens into surface |
Eccrine gland |
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Is a type os secretion where secretory granules fuse into the plasma membrane? |
Merocrine type excretion |
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Two portions of eccrine gland |
Ductal portion Secretory portion |
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Pink and stratified cuboidal (2layers) Luminal cuticle where sweat is modified Deeply staining |
Ductal portion |
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3 segments of ductal portion and function |
1. Spiral duct/intraepidermal dict/ Acrosyringium 2. Straight dermal duct 3. Coiled dermal duct |
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Sweet colorless fluid Composed of sodium and chloride Malodorous smell |
Sweat |
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2 kinds(?) of sweat |
Cholinergic: homeostasis Adrenergic: fught or flight response |
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Melanocyte |
Serves as UV barrier Produces melanin Dendrituc cell (transport melanin to keratinocyte) interspaced among basal keratinocytes |
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What are the sensory components of skin? |
1. Merkel Cell-Neurite Complex 2. Free Nerve endings 3. Encapsulated Nerve receptors |
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These are dendritic cells found in the basal epidermal layer (stratum basale). Abundant in fingerprints Bound keratinocytes by desmosomes Apposed to nerve ending papillary dermis Has neural and epidermal characteristics |
Merkel cell-neutrite complex |
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Function of merkel cell-neutrite complex |
Cutaneous sensation: touch Sustained discharged |
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Neuron + epidermal cell = |
Merkel's corpuscle |
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Have numerous receptors in the epidermis Terminate in stratum granulosum |
Free nerve endings |
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Functions of free nerve endings |
Mediates itch, pain and temperature |
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2 encapsulated nerve receptors |
1. Meissner's corpuscle 2. Pacinian Corpuscle |
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It is found in the dermal papillae (orientation: perpendicular to skin) Function: light touch but is rapid adapting (successive pricks are recognized) Spirally axon w/ lamellae(schwann cell) Cells and nuclei ladder shaped |
Meissner's corpuscle |
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Found in deep dermis/hypodermis Abundant in fingertips and joints Looks like a large-onion shaped structure of size 1mm with central axon and 20-60 concentric circles |
Pacinian Corpuscle |
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Function of Pacinian Corpuscle |
Respond to pressure or vibration |
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What is the structure associated with the melanocyte for the dendrite transfer pigment and how many layers are produced |
Epidermal melanocyte unit |
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What are the skin appendages |
Hair Nail Glands(Eccrine, sebaceous and Apocrine) |
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Attached to two glands: apocrine and sebaceous gland Elongated tinized structures |
Hair |
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Hair is absent in |
Palm Soles mucocutaneous junctions (lips) |
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Types of hair |
Vellus Hair and Terminal Hair |
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Short, fine light pigmented hair that covers most of your body, superficial and small hair follicles |
Vellus hair |
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Hair found in scalp, eyebrows, auxillary hair Ling and coars Rooted deeper in the dermis and hypodermis |
Terminal hair |
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Functions of Hair |
Sensation Immune Reserve/ Epidermal cell reserve Protection and thermoregulation |
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In thermorgulation what is the role of arrector pili? |
Hair orientation from oblique to upright, goosebumps |
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Give the pilosebaceous unit |
Hair follicles Sebaceous gland Arrector pili Apocrine gland |
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It has more sulfur-rich bonds bec absence of filaggrin Dies not exfoliate |
Hard keratin |
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This is found more in adjacent keratinocytes |
Melanin granule |
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Interlocking cuticles of hair shaft and inner root sheath |
Hair lock |
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Responsible for the production and growth of hair Invaginations of the epidermis |
Hairfollicle |
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3 segments of hair follicle |
Infundibulum Isthmus Inferior segment |
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Outermost segemnt of HF that opens into the skin Extension of epidermis Superficial third Where sebaceous gland empties |
Infundibulum |
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It contains the stem cells of the HF |
Bulge |
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Extends from the infundibulum ti the level of insertion of the arrector pili |
Isthmus |
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Lowermost segment of HF Found only during growing stage Contains hair bulb |
Inferior segment |
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When inferior segment is present ______ Absent_____ |
Present - growing hair follicle Absent- resting hair follicle |
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Components of the hair bulb |
Hair matrix/root Hair papillae |
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Part of HAir bulb that contains melanocyte and counterpart of stratum basale |
Hair matrix/ root |
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Membrane bound strutures where the transformation of tyrosine to melanin occur |
Premelanosome |
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Counterpart if dermal papillae in hair bulb and has a teardrop enclosure Vascularized |
Hair papillae |
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Grows withbthe internal root sheath |
Hair shaft |
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Disappears when the hair is ready to be shed off |
Internal root sheath |
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Extensions of the surface epidermis and continuous on as the hair matrix Stationary/ does not grow with hair Vacuolated |
External hair shaft |
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Condensation of CT around the hair follicle |
Fibrous sheath |
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Hair cycle |
Anagen Catagen Telogen |
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Growing stage Longest stage Hair root is visible Time when hair matrix produces hair shaft and inner root sheath Duration of this stage determines max hair growth Active cell division |
Anagen |
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Anagrn duration for eye lashes
For hair on scalp |
6 weeks 3 years |
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Regressing stage shortest Hair reached max length and is now curling inti club hair Dermal papillae separated from the club hair Hair matrix us reduced to epi. Column Hair matrix separates itself ti the hair papillae |
Catagen |
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Resting stage Waits to be pushed out by a new hair shaft Interior segment moves up |
Telogen |
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Process for melanin |
Tyrosine - dihydroxyphenylalanine(DOPA) - melanin |
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Types of hair Glands |
Sebaceous Apocrine |
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Open to the hair follicle and some to skin Nit found in thick skin Simple branched acinar Holocrine type of secretion Releases sebum |
Sebaceous gland |
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Contains triglycerides w/c softens thin skin and make hair flexible Controlled hy androgen hormones |
Sebum |
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Limited to excretion Empties pilosebaceous unit similar to eccrine glandmerocrine type of secretion Found in axillae, mons pubus and circumanal tegion Eisinophilic Milky and slightly viscous secretion |
Apocrine gland |
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Term for melanin in fair and dark skin |
Pheomelanin: fair Eumelanin: dark |
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Differences in dark and fair skin |
Dark: melanin reaches up to stratum corneum, granules are darker and has more protection |
