Integumentary System

Front 1

CT layer under the epidermis

Back 1

Dermis

Front 2

Dermis provides ________ and ___________ to the epidermis

Back 2

nutrients, gas exchange

Front 3

A desmosome is also known as a...

Back 3

macula adherens

Front 4

A desmosome is...

Back 4

(also known as macula adherens) is a cell structure specialized for cell-to-cell adhesion. Desmosomes, a type of junctional complex, are localized spot-like adhesions randomly arranged on the lateral sides of plasma membranes. They are molecular complexes of cell adhesion proteins and linking proteins that attach the cell surface adhesion proteins to intracellular keratin cytoskeletal filaments.

Front 5

Tight juntions are also known as...

Back 5

zonula occludens

Front 6

Tight junctions are...

Back 6

are the closely associated areas of two cells whose membranes join together forming a virtual impermeable barrier to fluid. It is a type of junctional complex. They perform three vital functions:
They hold cells together
They block the movement of integral membrane proteins between the apical and basolateral surfaces of the cell.
Thus the specialized functions of each surface, for example
receptor-mediated endocytosis at the apical surface
exocytosis at the basolateral surface
can be preserved.
They prevent the passage of molecules and ions through the space between cells. So materials must actually enter the cells (by diffusion or active transport) in order to pass through the tissue. This pathway provides control over what substances are allowed through. (Tight junctions play this role in maintaining the blood-brain barrier.)

Front 7

Dermis is derived from...

Back 7

Mesoderm

Front 8

Skin is classified as thick or thin depending on the thickness of the...

Back 8

Epidermis

Front 9

Accessory structures associated with the skin are called...

Back 9

Skin appendages, and include hair, nails, and glands.

Front 10

Does thick skin usually have hair associated with it?

Back 10

No.

Front 11

Does thin skin usually have hair associated with it?

Back 11

Yes.

Front 12

This cell is generated in the deepest layer of the epidermis and matures as it move toward the surface of the skin.

Back 12

Keratinocytes

Front 13

The cycle of a skin cell

Back 13

4 weeks

Front 14

The five epidermal layers (from deep to superficial)

Back 14

1. Stratum germinativum
2. Stratum spinosum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum lucidum
5. Stratum corneum

Front 15

Describe the stratum germinativum

Back 15

a single layer of mitotically active columnar cells that give rise to new keratinocytes. Has a basal layer of cells laying on the basal lamina, that separates the epithelium from the dermis. Connected to CT. As name implies, is the germ area of where these cells arise. These are the cells that divide mitotically. One or 2 cell layers at most. One of the daughter cells will form this new skin cell, whereas the other daughter cell will remain and stay at that basal level as a stem cell.

Front 16

Stratum germinativum is how many layers thick?

Back 16

One or two at the most

Front 17

Cell type of stratum germinativum

Back 17

Mitotically active columnar cells

Front 18

Describe stratum spinosum

Back 18

several cell layers thick, these cells continue to undergo mitosis, is the largest area, cells are joined with bridge-like processes giving them a “prickle-cell” appearance. These cells are also mitotically active. The stratum germinativum and the spinosum together are sometimes called the malphighian layer). This area is the largest area. These cells continue to divide and then form the next layer, the granulosum.

Front 19

The stratum germinativum and the spinosum together are sometimes called the..

Back 19

malphighian layer

Front 20

Melanin from melanocytes gets transferred to which layers of the epidermis?

Back 20

Germinativum and spinosum

Front 21

Describe stratum granulosum

Back 21

a few (3-4) cells thick, consists of flattened cells containing keratohyalin granules –the protein component of soft keratin. Cells begin to differentiate (morphologically changing, chemically changing), and are now synthesizing high amounts of keratin. Keratin is a protein that has structure similar to collagen, high in certain amino acids that make it very rigid.

Front 22

The protein component of soft keratin.

Back 22

keratohyalin granules

Front 23

The layer of epidermis where keratin begins to be produced

Back 23

Stratum granulosum

Front 24

Keratin has a structure very similar to...

Back 24

Collagen

Front 25

This layer is only present in thick skin...

Back 25

Stratum lucidum

Front 26

Describe stratum lucidum

Back 26

a thin transparent layer seen distinctly only in thick skin. An area whereby the keratin is changing its characteristic to become softer. After protein is made, there are some sugars added to it and it gets softer. Consists of dead cells filled with densely packed keratin and a transformation product of keratohyalin, called eleidin. Is a softer region. As it becomes softer, it becomes translucent. At this point the cells are dying. They have made so much keratin, the cells start to die. Their membranes start to dissappear, their organnelles dissapear, leaving us only with layers of keratin and dead and dying cells (corneum).

Front 27

a transformation product of keratohyalin is

Back 27

eleidin

Front 28

Describe stratum corneum

Back 28

compact layers of dead cells called squames, filled with soft keratin

Front 29

Compact layer of dead cells in epidermis is called...

Back 29

squames

Front 30

Squames are filled with...

Back 30

soft keratin

Front 31

Corneum is bigger in which skin type?

Back 31

Thick

Front 32

Basal cell carcinoma originates from where?

Back 32

basal layer, the germinativum

Front 33

Basal cell carcinoma cause

Back 33

is usually because it has not been protected by the melanosomes that come from the melanocytes, so it is usually UV radiation that causes a mutation of the DNA in these cells, and they now become a tumor –most common skin cancer we will see in the clinic – usually fixed easily with surgery – because basal cells are highly mitotic, they undergo mitosis rapidly, often invade basal lamina they sit on…most cases can be removed rapidly with surgery – particularly if they have not breached the basal lamina and entered the dermis

Front 34

These cells protect us from UV radiation

Back 34

melanosomes that come from the melanocytes

Front 35

This is the 2nd most common type of cancer

Back 35

squamous cell carcinoma

Front 36

Squamous cell carcinoma originates from...

Back 36

Stratum lucidum

Front 37

Melanocytes were dervied from...

Back 37

Neural crest cells

Front 38

This is a much more serious cancer of the integument

Back 38

Melanoma -- get treatment right away

Front 39

The stratum spinosum contains intercellular...

Back 39

bridges

Front 40

Stratum spinosum gets its name from...

Back 40

the spines on the cells, so as those cells differentiate into that spinosal layer, the outside of the cells have little spines that are associated with them. These spines are essential/y keratin, in this case they are termed tonofilaments, because this keratin attaches to the desmosomes, the junctions between these cells, and so as these cells are next to each other, and desmosomes are formed, these tonofilaments attach to the desmosomes, so we see these intercellular bridges that look like spines

Front 41

Tonofilaments are...

Back 41

the "spines" of keratin, which attaches to the desmosomes, the juntions between cells

Front 42

Psoriasis is...

Back 42

Psoriasis is a skin condition observed when cell mitosis occurs in all three deeper layers of the skin. Keratinocytes reach the surface of the skin in less than 1 week so they don’t have time to mature. This results in dark red lesions of the skin and silvery-white scales

Front 43

Psoriasis is usually found on...

Back 43

Extensor sides

Front 44

With psoriasis, the stratum corneum contains...

Back 44

Nuclei

Front 45

With psoriasis, this layer of skin is missing...

Back 45

The stratum granulosum

Front 46

The red skin associated with psoriasis is because...

Back 46

The deep red color of the lesion is due to the fact that the epidermis overlying the tall dermal papillae is relatively thin.

Front 47

What is another main characteristic of psoriasis?

Back 47

Another main characteristic of psoriasis is accompanying inflammation. The connective tissue in the affected dermal papillae is edematous, containing fluid and exudate from damaged and leaking venules and capillaries.

Front 48

With psoriasis, skin reaches the surface how much faster?

Back 48

4 times faster

Front 49

Common places to see psoriasis

Back 49

elbow, hands, plantar side of feet

Front 50

This area is where melanin is mostly incorporated into the epidermis

Back 50

Spinosum layer (the thickest area)

Front 51

Melanin

Back 51

-Melanin is mostly incorporated in spinosum layer (thickest area – here the processes of the melanocytes expell their melanosomes, and the spinosal cells will incorporate those melanosomes (or organelles) into their cytoplasm. So when we increase the speed at which they mitose, they don’t hve the time to incorporate the melanin granules.