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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functions of skin
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Reguilation body temperature
Regulation of body fluid volume Regulation against UV radiation Prtection from trauma Protection against disease Excretionk |
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Environmental conditions are communicated via ___
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sensory receptors
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The epidermis consists of what kind of tissue? (clasify)
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Keratinized, stratified, squeamous
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The predominant epithelial cell type of the skin is ______
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keratinocytes
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keratins are classified as either being ____ or ______
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soft (skin); hard (nails)
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Stratum basale is a single layer of columnar cells attached to the basal laminae by _____
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hemidesmosomes
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Stratum basal are ______ cells that are mitotically active
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stem
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Polyribosomes in the stratum basale synthesize _____ in the first stage of keratin formation
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intermediate filaments (tonofilaments)
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_____ is the layer above stratum basale
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Stratum spinsom
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In stratum spinosum tonofibrils form ______
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bundles
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The layer above stratum spinosum is called ______
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stratum granulosim
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Stratum granolosum contains two granules:
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Keratohyalin granules and lamellar granules
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Keratohyalin granules contain _____
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fillagrin
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Function of fillagrin
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Promotes the formation of tonofibrils; forms a matrix around them as keratinocyte smature
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Function of lamellar granules
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Discharge glycolipid contents into intercelluar space b/t stratum granulosum and stratum corneum; contributes to EPIDERMAL WATER BARRIER
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Stratum lucidum is most visible is ____ skin
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thick
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Structure of stratum lucidum
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eoseniphilc, pale staining, squeamous cellelis that lack nuclei; filligrin has combined with tonofibrils to make a dense matrix
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Topmost layer of epidermis
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Stratum corneum
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Structure of stratum corneum
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etremely flattened cells that have lost their organelles and mainly consist of keratin
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Contents Cell envelope
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Keratin, fillagrin and other insoluble proteins
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These envelopes contribute to the water barrier of epidermis
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lipid encelope (stratum g.); cell envelope (stratum c.)
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Melanocytes are the second most numerous cell and are involved in the process of ____
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pigmentation
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What is a melanosome?
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Specilaized vesicual organelle that where melanin granules are formed
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Function of melanin
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Protects nuclei from UV rays
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Melanocytes can be visulaized with the use of _______
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DOPA reaction
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What is the DOPA reaction?
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Tyrosinase oxidized tyrosine to form DOPA which is then converted to melanin which accumulates in melanosomes
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Skin color is due mainly to:
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rate of melanin degradation
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Melanin is abundant in:
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freckles, aureole of breasts
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Albinism resultes when:
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there is no tyresonase or it is defective
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____ is an invasive tumor of melanocytes
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Malignant melanoma
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Location of Langerhan's cells
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Upper stratum spinosum
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Function of Langerhan's cells
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Antigen presenting cells that stimulate T Lymphocytes during delayed hypersentitivity reactions
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Langerhan;s cells are derived from the _____
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Bone marrow
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Location of Merkel cells
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basement membrane of within stratum basale of the palms of the hands, and sole sof the feet
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Structure of Merkel cells
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large granule containing cells contacted by expanded sensory nerve endings
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Function of Merkel cells
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Granules are neurotransmitters; though to be sensory receptirs that respond to pressure (touch receptors)
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The dermis consists of the following two layers:
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Papillae layer and reticular layer
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The papilarry layer is _____ connective tissue and contains type __ and ___ collagen
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loose; I and III
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Fingerprints are the result of ______ that are refelcted by the epidermis
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dermal ridges
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The reticular layer is ______ formed from Type ___ collagen
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dense irregular; type I
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Regular lines of tension formed in the reticular layer are called
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Langer's lines
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Thick skin is hairless: True or false
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True
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Thick skin is found
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only on the hands and soles of the feet
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Thin skin has no ______
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stratum lucidim visible by light microscopy
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Thin skin is hairless: true or false
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False; has hair on most parts of the body
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____ are lines of cleavage of particular interest to the surgeon
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Langer's lines
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Functions of the dermis are:
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Support epidermis and binds to hyperdermis; noursih the epidermis and regulate tempertaure; inflammatory and immune response; sensory receptors
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Branches frim the subcutaneal vascular plexus enter the __________ in the ______ of the dermis
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cutaneous plexus; reticular
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The reticular layer of the dermis supplies _____
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hair follicles and sweat gland
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Branches from the cutaneous plexus go on to for the _________ in the papillary layer
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subpappillary
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Each dermal pappila has a ______ loop\, derived from the subpapillary plexus
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capillary
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How can you vary the rate of heat loss from the skin's surface?
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Varying the extent to which the capillary bed is open to circulation
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Mechanoreceptors are stimulated by
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Pressure and vibration
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Free nerve endings (unecapsulated)
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Light touch, hair follicles
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Merkel's endings (unencaosulated)
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light touch
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Pacinian corpuscles
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vibration, touch
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Krause endbulbs
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light touch
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Meissner's corpuscle
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touch (lips, palm, sole)
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Ruffini corpuscle
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sustained mechanical stress
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_____ are receptors stimulated by heat or cold and are probably ______
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Thermoreceptors; free nerrve endings
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____ convey the sensation of pain and are probably also ____
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Noiceptors; free nerve endings
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Hypodermis consist of ______ connective tissue
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Loose
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Hypodermis may accumulate ____ cells
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fat
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Two types of sweat glands
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Apocrine and eccrine
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Classification of eccrine glands
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simple, coiled, tubular
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Structure of eccrine sweat gland
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Highly coiled secretory portion surrounded by myoepithelia; less coiled duct composed of double layer of cuboidal cells
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Light cells of eccrine sweat glands produce
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watery secretions
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Dark cells of eccrine sweat glands produce
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glycoproteins
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Eccrine cells release sweat through ______ secretion
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merocine (exocytosis)
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Eccrine glands are/are not associated with hair follicles
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are not
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Apocrine gland are present in:
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axillary and circumanal region, labia majora and aueroale of breasts
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Structure of apocrine glands
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large branched secretory portion that has a wider lumen than eccrine glands;
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Secretion of apocrine glands
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protein rich odorless fluid
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The duct of an apocrine sweat gland opens into a _____
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hair follicle
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Apocrine gland sweat is released by ______ secretion
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merocrine
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Pilsoebaceous appartus consists of:
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hair follicle, artrector pili and sebaceous glands
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____ is formed when basal cells in sebaceous glands proliferate and accumulate lipids
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Sebum
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Sebaceous glands are also called ______ glands/have ___secretion
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holocrine
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Sebum acts as a
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moisturizer
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Arrector pili muscle is ___ muscle
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smooth
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The arrector pili contracts due to
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cold or emotional distrress
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When arrector pili contracts ___ is released
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Sebum
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Three layers of hair
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Central medulla, cortex, cuticle
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Central medulla consists of _____ keratin
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soft
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Central medulla is present only in ___hair
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thick
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The cortex has _____ keratin and contains melanin pigment
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hard
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Structure of cuticle
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outermost layer; flattened scale-like cells of hard keratin arranged like shingles
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Three cycles of hair growth
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Anagen (growth phase)
catagen (growth stops) telogen (follicle atrophies, hair falls out) |
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Hair color results when cells of matrix take up ____
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melanin released by melanocytes
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In the fingernail, the _____ is analogus to the stratum corneum
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nail plate
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The ___ is the site of hard keratin formation and nail growth
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nail matrix
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The ___ is the stratum corneum of adjacent skin
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cuticle (eponychium)
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The ____ is the white area distal to the cuticle
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lunula
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After an incision , if cut surfaces are close to eachither epidermal continuity will be maintained in ________ hours
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24-48
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Charactersitics of first degree burns
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Cause the capillaries and venules of the papillary layer to dilate, making the skin red
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Characteristics of second degree burns
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Characterized by blistering which is the result of plasma leakeage from capillaries; hair follicles and glands still intact so healing may occur
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Characteristics of third degree burns
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Skin and subcutaneous tissue are damaged; hair follicles and glands are destroyed so growth may only occur from the edges
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Free split graft
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Thin layer of skin consiting of epidermis and upper part of the dermis are shaved off on area and placed on the damaged surface
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Free full thickness graft
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Epidermis and entire dermis are shaved off and replaced
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