Integrative Biology - Gene Regulation.

Front 1

Operon Components

Back 1

Operator, Promoter, Genes that are transcribed.

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Viral Capsid

Back 2

Protein Shell or Coat

Front 3

Capsomeres

Back 3

Smaller subunit of Capsids (shell coat)

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2 Steps of Viral Infection

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1) Recognition of the Host

2) Entry of Viral Genome into the Host

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Ways Virus Enters the Host?

Back 5

-injection of nucleic acid

-fusion

-endocytosis

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Virulent Phages

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Bacteriophage that produce only by the lytic cycle

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Temperate Phages

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Bacteriophages capable of both lytic AND lysogenic cycles.

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Hemagglutinin

Back 8

Viral sufrace protein that helps the virus attach to the cell (16 types)

Front 9

Neuramindiase

Back 9

an enzyme that helps release new viruses from infected cells

Front 10

Geometric Equivelence

Back 10

Almost all somatic cells of an organism have the same DNA, which means they contain the entire set of genetic information (genome)

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Host Cells for Genetic Cloning

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Yeast and Bacteria

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Thermocyclers

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Thermal Cycles

1) Denaturing (makes DNA single standed)

2) Annealing (cooling)

3) Extention (optimum temp to extend the primer)

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Phenotypic Plasticity

Back 13

A single genotype can exhibit a wide range of phenotypes.

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Plasmids

Back 14

small ring of double stranded DNA that carries "accesory" genes.

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Corepressor

Back 15

Converts an inactive repressor protein to an active repressor protein.

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Inducer

Back 16

Converts an active repressor protein to an inactive repressor protein

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Repressible Operon

Back 17

normally "ON"

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Inducible Operon

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normally "OFF"

Front 19

Histone Acetylation

Back 19

loosens the chromatin structure & increases access to genes for transcription.

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Histone Methylation

Back 20

methylation of tails causes condensation of chromatin.

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Histone Phosphorolation

Back 21

addition of a phosphate, causes "loosening" of packing.

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Epigenetic Inheritance

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Inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not involving the nucleotide sequence (ex: patterns of methylation)

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Enhancers

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Distal control elements that allow "full-speed" transcription. Regions on a DNA molecule.

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MicroRNA

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non-coding RNA

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Proto-oncogenes

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"normal" versions of genes that code for proteins involved in normal cell growth & division.

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Oncogenes

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"cancer causing" version of proto-oncogenes

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Broad Host Range

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INFECT multiple species: ex: mosqiutos, birds, horses, humans, etc.

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trp Operon

Back 28

Normally ON - turned off when trp is active

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lac Operon

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Normally off - turned on when allactose is present.

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Similarities betwen lac and trp operons

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Both examples of negative gene control bc they're switched off by an active form of a repressor molecule.

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Why is gene expression more complex in Eukaryotes than Prokaryotes?

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1) the genome in eukaryotes is larger

2)coexpression --> envolves chemical signaling

3) higher structural levels than prokaryotes

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How does a virus recognize a host cell?

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"matching" proteins on their surface - specific receptor molecules on the host cell.

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3 ways viral genome can enter a cell?

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1)Endocytosis
2)Fusion

3)Injection

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How is HIV replicated within a host cell?

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-two identical molecules of single-stranded RNA

- enter host cell

- HIV has REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE

- RNA->DNA flow.

-provirus (takes a long time to leave host gene)

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iPS Cell

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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell - cells programmed to act as embryonic stem cells.

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Shape of Capsids can be ...

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-Rod Shaped

-Helix

-Linear, Circular

-Single or Double Stranded

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Staggered vs Blunt Ends

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Clean vs Puzzle cuts in DNA

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Cut and Pasted strands are bound back together using

Back 38

DNA Ligase

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Where does a repressor protein come from?

Back 39

Regulatory Gene

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Narrow Host Range

Back 40

Only infect a single species