Instruments And Aids

Front 1

Difference between true north and magnetic north is?

Back 1

Magnetic Variation

Front 2

What lines around the earth show the magnetic variation? What is the Line called that shows 0 Degrees?

Back 2

i) Isogonal
ii)Agonic

Front 3

What term is used to describe the angle between the lines of magnetism and the earths surface?

Back 3

Magnetic Dip

Front 4

What is the name of the line joining places of equal magnetic dip?

Back 4

Isoclinal

Front 5

The calibration procedure of a compass is called?

Back 5

Compass Swinging

Front 6

A gyrocompass is housed in how many gimbals, and how are they powered?

Back 6

Housed in two gimbals, powered by negative pressure (Vacuum) or electronically.

Front 7

What change in pressure causes an increase in altitude?

Back 7

Decrease

Front 8

Would an altimeter over or under read going from ISA to cold conditions

Back 8

Over read

Front 9

What do the following symbols on a ASI depict:
i) Vso
ii)Vs1
iii)Vfe
iv)Vno
v)Vne
vi)Vmca
vii)Vyse

Back 9

i)Stalling speed with flaps fully extended
ii)Stalling speed with flaps fully retracted
iii)Max speed, flaps extended
iv)Max speed, normal ops
v)Never exceed speed
vi)Minimum controllable speed with critical engine inoperable
vii)Best rate of climb speed with loss of engine on multi-engine aircraft

Front 10

True airspeed increases with elevation, by what percentage approximately does TAS increase by compared to IAS per 1000ft

Back 10

2% per 1000ft

Front 11

What is IAS?

Back 11

Indicated airspeed - It is corrected for instrument error

Front 12

What is CAS?

Back 12

Calibrated airspeed - IAS corrected for position error correction (PEC)

Front 13

What is EAS?

Back 13

Equivalent airspeed - CAS corrected for compressibility error

Front 14

What is TAS?

Back 14

True airspeed - EAS corrected for density error

Front 15

What is G/S?

Back 15

Ground speed - TAS corrected for wind component

Front 16

At what flight level do you cease to report IAS in knots, and what are they reported in?

Back 16

At FL250 you no longer report in knots, speed is now reported as a Mach number.

Front 17

How is a Mach number determined?

Back 17

Mach number = TAS/Local speed of sound.

Front 18

How many degrees per second is a rate one turn and how long would it take to turn 360°?

Back 18

3°/Sec, 2 minutes for a 360° turn

Front 19

What frequency band do radio altimeters operate in, and up to what altitude are they considered accurate?

Back 19

4GHz (SHF) - Up to 2500ft

Front 20

What frequency band do radar altimeters operate in, and what are they primarily used for?

Back 20

10GHZ band
-Primarily for military terrain following radar
-High altitude photography
-space craft

Front 21

What are the limitations of radar and radio altimetry?

Back 21

-Fluctuates over varying terrain
-Penetrates ice and snow

Front 22

What is the function of a master caution button?

Back 22

Warning light for the caution warning panel (CWP) - push to reset after acknowledging the caution.

Front 23

Define CLAM.

Back 23

Cleared level adherence monitor

Front 24

Define GPWS and what is its purpose?

Back 24

Ground Proximity Warning System
-Warns crew of unsafe flight path reletive to terrain

Front 25

What are the inputs of GPWS?

Back 25

-Radio altimeter
-Barometric altimeter
-ASI*
-ILS glideslope receiver
-Flap and landing gear position
-angle of attack sensor*
-accelerometer inputs from internal reference system*
(*Source of windsheer information)

Front 26

What are the outputs of GPWS?

Back 26

-Aural warnings
-Master caution or warning
-Text on EFIS

Front 27

What are the limitations of GPWS?

Back 27

-relies on radio altimeter
-limited to below 2500ft
-inaccurate for bank angles >30°
-inaccurate for pitch angles >20°
-produces some false alarms
-source modes can be overridden

Front 28

What are the advantages of EGPWS or TAWS over GPWS?

Back 28

-Contain all the features of a normal GPWS
-Also contains terrain database
-Also contains knowledge of current position

Front 29

What is the shelf battery life of a flight data recorder/ cockpit voice recorder unit?

Back 29

6 years

Front 30

What is the ground equipment used for pairing with an automatic direction finder?

Back 30

NDB

Front 31

What are some uses for an NDB?

Back 31

-navigation
-holding
-aerodrome and runway instrument approaches
-initial track guidance prior to commencing an ILS approach

Front 32

What type of signal do NDB's transmit, and on what frequency band/s?

Back 32

NDB's transmit an amplitude modulated vertically polarised carrier wave on either LF or MF

Front 33

Within what frequency range do Australian NDB's transmit?

Back 33

200 to 420KHz

Front 34

What two components do you need to sum to produce your relative bearing?

Back 34

Heading + ADF = Bearing (If more than 360°, minus 360°)

Front 35

What are the errors affecting NDB/ADF?

Back 35

-Mountain effect - reduced by using higher frequency NDB's
-Interference
-Night effect - Skywaves bounce off E layer and reflects back to earth
-Thunderstorms
-Quadrantal error - due to body of aircraft, worse in piston engine aircraft
-Coastal error - bends towards the coast

Front 36

What frequency band do VOR's operate in?

Back 36

VHF

Front 37

What two signals do VOR's transmit?

Back 37

-One non-directional reference signal
-One whose phase relationship to the reference signal varies with the bearing from the VOR

Front 38

List three factors which affect the range of a VOR

Back 38

-Aircraft altitude
-height of antenna
-terrain between the ground station and the aircraft

Front 39

List the errors associated with VORs'

Back 39

-Airborne error
-Ground station error
-Vertical polarisation error (rare and limited to banking when close to VOR)
-Scalloping - Cyclic deviation too fast for an aircraft to follow, caused by buildings. Fixed by using Doppler VOR's)
-Roughness - Irregular shor deviations, believed to be caused by trees near VOR's
-Track bending - distortions up to 3° caused by high voltage power lines
-Aggregate error associated with VOR's is less than 5°

Front 40

What component of a TACAN can civilian aircraft use?

Back 40

DME

Front 41

What is the cone of confusion?

Back 41

VOR receiver temporarily receives confusing signals as the aircraft passes overhead
-CDI needle will waver
-To and From will waver

Front 42

What measurements can DME provide?

Back 42

Speed and time

Front 43

DME operates in what frequency?

Back 43

UFH, between 962 and 1213MHz (The 1000MHz band)

Front 44

How many DME channels are available? How are they numbered?

Back 44

252 channels available, numbered from 1 to 126 followed by an X or Y suffix

Front 45

How are DME channels tuned?

Back 45

Automatically via the VHF nav receiver (i.e VOR)

Front 46

What symbol is used to indicate colocated VOR and DME?

Back 46

}

Front 47

What is DME homing?

Back 47

DME homing is an emergency procedure using just a DME

Front 48

What is DME arrival?

Back 48

DME arrival is an Australian procedure for enroute descent in a terminal area.

Front 49

What are the advantages of DME?

Back 49

-Continuous position fix when used with another navaid
-Ground speed read outs and TTS (Time to station)
-Accurate determination of top of descent
-improves holding pattern and approach procedure accuracy
-Provides continual ILS glide slope path integrity

Front 50

What are limitations of DME?

Back 50

-Slant range inaccuracies
-Cost of installation, flight checks and running costs
-Range - <200km
-GPS does it all without the slant range inaccuracies, or range limit

Front 51

What are the primary uses of airborne weather radar?

Back 51

Detection of cumulonimbus due to the presence of:
-Hail
-Strong turbulence
-Wind shear
-Lightning
-Severe Icing
May be used for ground mapping

Front 52

What frequency band does airborne weather radar use?

Back 52

X-band - 3cm wavelengths in the 8 to 12GHz range (SHF)

Front 53

What can doppler radars provide, and how is it displayed to pilots?

Back 53

3d profile image displayed on the EFIS or screen

Front 54

What is the purpose of a stormscope?

Back 54

To display areas of electrical activity commonly associated with CB

Front 55

Which piece of equipment can and ILS not function without?

Back 55

Localiser

Front 56

What frequency band does the glide slope operate in? What frequency band does the localiser operate in?

Back 56

Glide slope - UHF
Localiser - VHF

Paired in the same way as VOR and DME

Front 57

What is the decision height and visibility required for Cat 1 ILS?

Back 57

Not less than 200ft and vis not less than 800m

Front 58

What is the decision height and visibility required for Cat 2 ILS?

Back 58

Not less than 100ft and vis not less than 350m

Front 59

What is the decision height and visibility required for Cat 3A ILS?

Back 59

Lower than 100ft or no decision height, RVR not less than 200m

Front 60

What is the decision height and visibility required for Cat 3B ILS?

Back 60

Lower than 50ft or no decision height, RVR less than 200m, but not less than 50m

Front 61

What is the decision height and visibility required for Cat 3C ILS?

Back 61

No decision height, no RVR

Front 62

What are the components of an ILS

Back 62

Localiser - transmitter and aerials (provide azimuth guidance)
Glide slope - transmitter and aerials (provide vertical guidance)
Marker beacons - provide fixed distance guidance
DME may be associated

Front 63

What two overlapping signals does a localiser send?

Back 63

150Hz right of runway
90Hz left of runway

Front 64

What two overlapping signals does a glide slope send?

Back 64

150Hz lower
90Hz Higher

Front 65

What frequency do Marker beacons transmit on and in what frequency band is this?

Back 65

75MHz in the VHF band

Front 66

What colour lights activate showing the outer, middle, and inner distance markers inside the aircraft's cabin?

Back 66

Outer - Blue
Middle - Amber
Inner - White

Front 67

What may be installed at some locations instead of distance markers?

Back 67

DME, co-located with the glidepath

Front 68

How many degrees outside of the localiser course will false courses exist?

Back 68

35°

Front 69

Define HIAL, and which ILS categories require it?

Back 69

High Intensity Approach Lighting - Cat 2 and Cat 3

Front 70

If the installed HIAL on a runway is not available, but everything else remains functional, what will the runway visual range automatically extend to?

Back 70

1500m

Front 71

In the event of a glide path failure, what procedure remains available?

Back 71

Localiser only procedure

Front 72

What is the main advantage of RNAV?

Back 72

Allows pilots to fly not aligned to nav aids

Front 73

What are the two approved RNAV systems in Australia?

Back 73

-Inertial Navigation System (INS/IRS)
-Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS/GPS)

Front 74

What does an INS contain?

Back 74

Gyroscopes and accelerometers

Front 75

What does an IRS contain?

Back 75

Ring laser gyroscopes

Front 76

What band does GNSS transmit on, and what is required for the GNSS to be used as a primary navigation tool in aviation?

Back 76

Transmits on the L band, and requires barometric aiding to be used as a primary navigation tool

Front 77

Define RAIM

Back 77

Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring

Front 78

What is the difference between RAIM FD and RAIM FDE

Back 78

RAIM FD only contains fault detections, RAIM FDE contains fault detection and exclusion, excluding faulty satellites from the results.

Front 79

What can introduce error into a GNSS system?

Back 79

-clock drift
-Ephemeris and Ionospheric delay

Front 80

How is the accuracy, reliability and availability of GNSS improved?

Back 80

WIth signal augmentation

Front 81

Define WAAS

Back 81

WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation System) is intended to enable aircraft to rely on GPS for all phases of flight, including precision approaches to any airport within its coverage area.

Front 82

Define GBAS

Back 82

GBAS (Ground Based Augmentation System) utilises ground based gps receivers placed at known geographical locations to relay information to aircraft via VHF data link, to allow the aircraft to compensate for errors within the GNSS signal.

Front 83

Define Range resolution of radar

Back 83

Range resolution is the minimum distance between targets on the same bearing such that they are displayed as separate targets. If the angle between the targets is less than the beam width, then the angle between the targets is added to the beam width to provide one large target.

Front 84

What limits the range of primary radar?

Back 84

The range is limited by the interval between pulses or the Pulse repetition frequency (PRF)

Front 85

List the 3 preferential conditions associated with ATC radar

Back 85

-Should be "Surveillance" radar
-Give broad coverage at all altitudes
-Minimum blind-space overhead (The antenna is designed to achieve this with a cosecant² beam shape)

Front 86

What are the limitations of primary radar?

Back 86

-Range
-cost of installation and running
-site limitations
-local terrain
-weather

Front 87

What do the following SSR codes relate to?
1)3000
2)1200
3)2000
4)0100

Back 87

1) Civil flights in classes A,C and D airspace, or IFR flights in class E airspace
2) Civil VFR flights in classes E or G airspace
3) Civil IFR flights in class G airspace
4) Civil flights operating at aerodromes (In lieu of 1,2,3 or when assigned by ATC)

Front 88

Define WAM

Back 88

Wide Area Multilateration - Multiple SSR receivers to triangulate an aircrafts position

Front 89

How is radar data relayed?

Back 89

-Microwave links
-UHF
-Fibre optic cables
-Landlines

Front 90

What does the white arc on the ASI indicate?

Back 90

The flap operating range

Front 91

How many GHz is 3000MHz? How many MHz is 3000KHz?

Back 91

-3GHz
-3MHz

Front 92

What frequencies do ELT's transmit on and where do these signals travel?

Back 92

121.5MHz, 243MHz and 406.025MHz.

121.5 and 243MHz go to aircraft while 406.025MHz goes to satellites. The 406 transmission can also carry beacon identification information as well as GPS location data as well.

Front 93

How many feet are there in a nautical mile?

Back 93

Depends how big your foot is! Just kidding, its 6080ft per nautical mile

Front 94

Which flight instrument uses both static and dynamic pressure?

Back 94

Airspeed Inidicator

Front 95

What type of pressure do Vertical Speed Indicators (VSI) and Altimeters use?

Back 95

Static Pressure

Front 96

How many feet does a change of 1HPA result in?

Back 96

30ft

Front 97

Define the following:
1) Indicated altitude
2) True altitude
3) Pressure altitude

Back 97

1) Altitude read directly from the instrument
2) DIsplacement from MSL
3) Displacement from 1013.2HPA in a pressure datum

Front 98

WHat frequency does the beacon on a flight data recorder transmit at and why?

Back 98

Ultrasonic sound - 37KHz, so that it may be located in water

Front 99

Which of the following are NOT a warning generated by GPWS/EGPWS?
Glide slope
Pull up
wind shear
Sink rate pull up
Terrain pull up
Don't sink
Too low, terrain
Too low, gear
Too low, flaps

Back 99

They are all GPWS/EGPWS warnings!

Front 100

Define SPI and what is it used for?

Back 100

Special Purpose Identification used to highlight the aircraft's position on the ATC's display
Especially helpful to reply to ATC if suffering comms failure

Front 101

What band is DME transmitted in?

Back 101

UHF , 1000MHz

Front 102

What is the morse code ident for an outer marker? What pitch is the audible tone of the outer marker?

Back 102

Dash dash dash... 400Hz

Front 103

What is the morse code ident for a middle marker? What pitch is the audible tone of the outer marker?

Back 103

dash dot dash dot... 1300Hz

Front 104

What frequency are the markers transmitted on?

Back 104

VHF 75MHz

Front 105

What pitch is the audible DME tone and what may be calculated from DME?

Back 105

High pitch, may be used to calculate distance, speed and time

Front 106

What pitch is the audible VOR tone?

Back 106

Middle Tone

Front 107

What pitch is the audible NDB tone?

Back 107

Low

Front 108

What are the advantages of a DME and on what basis does it operate?

Back 108

-Rapid position fix
-Improves holding patterns
-Operates on interrogating a ground based unit

Front 109

How is a VOR station fix established?

Back 109

Flying over the cone of confusion establishes a CDI and To/Fro waiver

Front 110

How is a DME station fix established?

Back 110

When the distance switches from decreasing to increasing.

Front 111

Which component of a TACAN can civilian aircraft use?

Back 111

DME

Front 112

Which frequency do ELT's transmit to satellites on?

Back 112

406.025MHz

Front 113

What piece of equipment is used to track the 121.5MHz frequency of an ELT?

Back 113

Direction finder

Front 114

What frequency do NDB's operate one?

Back 114

LF/MF

Front 115

What is the cause of the magnetic field generated around the earth?

Back 115

The core of molten iron

Front 116

What is the primary purpose of a flight data record, and a cockpit voice recorder?

Back 116

To assist in investigation following an incident

Front 117

Can pilots or crew tamper with the FDR or CVR?

Back 117

No.

Front 118

How are the gimbals driven within a gyroscope?

Back 118

Either negative pressure (vacuum) or electronically.

Front 119

What is a turn coordinator?

Back 119

A device which displays the rate and balance of turn.

Front 120

What is a Mach number?

Back 120

TAS/Local speed of sound

Front 121

Does the local speed of sound increase or decrease with an increase in altitude?

Back 121

Local speed of sound decreases with increasing altitude.

Front 122

What is the localiser morse code always prefixed by?

Back 122

India.

Front 123

What is the angle of glide slope, and how many feet per nautical mile does that equate to?

Back 123

3° and 300ft/nm

Front 124

If there is an error with the localiser/glide slope, what will display on the nav box?

Back 124

A red flag

Front 125

If using a localiser only approach and the HIAL is out, how many metres do you add to the LOC ONLY approach?

Back 125

900m

Front 126

Is the range of an NDB increased or decreased when over water?

Back 126

Increased

Front 127

What causes night affect?

Back 127

Night affect is caused by E layer reflections due to the absence of the D layer during the night.

Front 128

How do you compensate for VOR site error?

Back 128

Doppler VOR

Front 129

What is the purpose of using and NDB for ILS?

Back 129

Use NDB to establish an IAF

Front 130

Where is a DME located when used with an ILS?

Back 130

DME is co-located with Glide Slope

Front 131

What is the only navaid in australia that may be voice modulated?

Back 131

NDB

Front 132

What does a primary RADAR require?

Back 132

Something in the sky to bounce off i.e and aircraft

Front 133

WHat does a Secondary RADAR require?

Back 133

A transponder in the aircraft

Front 134

How many SSR codes exist?

Back 134

4096

Front 135

What characteristics of a RADAR affect its accuracy performance?

Back 135

Pulse length - Range
Beam width - Bearing

Front 136

Will a slow spinning radar have a large or small working range?

Back 136

Large.

Front 137

What shape beam is used to reduce the blind spot of RADAR?

Back 137

Cosecant² beam shape.

Front 138

What does mode C provide?

Back 138

Altitude

Front 139

Is a weather radar hazardous to humans?

Back 139

Yes it is.

Front 140

ADS-B and Mode S something something something

Back 140

SQUITTER

Front 141

In relation to SSR, which of the following do ground stations transmit on, and which does the aircraft reply with?
-1030MHz
-1090MHz

Back 141

1030MHz is the ground unit interrogator
1090 is the aircraft's reply

Front 142

What do RADAR and Radio altimeters measure?

Back 142

Height - NOT ALTITUDE

Front 143

What three pieces of equipment can be used for RNAV?

Back 143

GNSS, INS, IRS

Front 144

What type of transponder does TCAS require to issue an RA, and without this transponder - what can TCAS issue?

Back 144

Mode C required for RA, otherwise TA.

Front 145

What does the arrow next to the target aircraft indicate?

Back 145

The direction in which the aircraft is climbing or descending at a speed greater than 500ft/min

Front 146

Define RMI

Back 146

Radio Magnetic Indicator used for ADF
It is a needle pointing to the NDB, overlayed onto a compass, with a CDI pointing to either a VOR or LOC.

Front 147

What is scalloping and how is it fixed?

Back 147

Cyclic deviation too fast for an aircraft to follow, caused by buildings. Fixed by using Doppler VOR

Front 148

What frequency do weather RADAR's operate in?

Back 148

SHF, microwaves in order to reflect off precipitation.

Front 149

What does a stormscope detect?

Back 149

Electrical discharge associated with thunder cells/ Cumulonimbus

Front 150

What is a weather radar used for?

Back 150

Detect precipitation
Ground mapping
Is able to be tilted to assist with the above

Front 151

What is the advantage of doppler RADAR?

Back 151

It removes error from the RADAR with terrain or buildings