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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What model and type of engine does the R-44 have? |
Model: Lycoming IO-540-AE1A5 Type: six cylinder, horizontally opposed, direct drive, air cooled, fuel injected, normally aspirated |
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What is the maximum continuous power rating in the R-44? What is the 5 minute takeoff rating? |
205 BHP @ 2718 RPM
245 BHP @ 2718 RPM |
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What is the Vne for the R-44? |
At 2200lb and below TOGW 130 KIAS over 2200lb TOGW 120 KIAS autorotation 100 KIAS |
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How fast can you go with any of the doors removed in an R-44? |
100 KIAS |
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What is the maximum and minimum gross weight of an R-44? |
2500lb max
1600lb min |
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What is the max gross weight per seat in the R-44? |
300 lb including baggage compartment
50 lb max per baggage compartment |
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What systems must be functional in order to take off in an R-44? |
G RPM Govener O OAT gauge A Alternator L LOW ROTOR rpm WARNING SYSTEM
and hydraulic control system |
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Know emergency procedures |
See POH |
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What does the governor do? |
maintains engine RPM by sensing changes and applying corrective throttle inputs through a friction clutch. |
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What does the hydraulic system consist of? |
A pump, three servos, a reservoir, and interconnecting lines |
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Where is the hydraulic pump mounted and why? |
It is mounted on and driven by the main rotor gearbox to maintain pressure in case of an engine failure |
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What documents must you have in the aircraft to fly? |
Airworthiness certificate Registration of aircraft Pilots operating handbook (POH) Weight and balance (in poh) |
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What required inspections are there for the R-44? |
Annual (every 12 months) 100 hour any AD's that are published by FAA |
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What gages are connected to the Pitot/static system |
Connected to the Air speed indicator, Vertical speed indicator, and altimeter.
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How does an Air speed indicator work? |
it measures the difference in ambient static air pressure and the total, or ram pressure caused by the motion of the aircraft through the air.
a bronze aneroid diaphragm receives air directly from the pitot tube. the instruments case is sealed and connected to the static ports as the pitot pressure increases or the static pressure decreases the diaphragm |
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How does a VSI work? |
Its a rate-of-pressure change instrument
This instrument has an aneroid and both the inside of the aneroid and inside the instrument case are vented to the static system. but the case is vented through a calibrated orifice that makes the pressure inside the case to vent slower than the aneroid
aircraft ascends- static pressure in aneroid becomes lower and the aneroid compresses moving the pointer upward. |
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How does an altimeter work? |
measures the absolute pressure of the ambient air and displays it in feet or meters
its a stack of evacuated, corrugated bronze capsules. the air acting on these aneroids compresses them against their natural springiness |
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What are the two characteristics of gyroscopes? |
Rigidity in space and precession |
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How are gyroscopic instruments powered? |
separate electrical or pneumatic sources |
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How does the Attitude indicator work? |
It has a small brass wheel with a vertical spin axis, spun at high rate of speed by a stream of air or by an electric motor. the gyro is mounted using a double gimbal which allows the aircraft to move around the gyro as it remains fixed in space |
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What degrees are the bank angle marks representing on the attitude indicator? |
10 20 30 45 60 |
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What does it mean when an attitude indicator tumbles? |
Only in older instruments
The bank or pitch change has exceeded the limitations of the instruments capabilities
(roll- 100 degrees pitch- 60 degrees) |
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What is a heading indicator? and What are the benefits of this instrument? |
It is a non north seeking gyroscopic instrument that is mounted in a double gimbal and its spin axis is horizontal.
rigidity causes them to maintain a heading without the errors associated with a magnetic compass (ANDS, UNOS) |
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What does non north seeking mean when referring to the Heading indicator? |
non north seeking means you have to manually input a direction referencing the magnetic compass |
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How often do you periodically set the heading indicators? |
about every 15 minutes referring to the magnetic compass |
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What is a turn coordinator? |
A precession instrument that tells you roll and yaw
The gimbals frame is angled upward about 30 degrees
the gimbals are dual powered and can use either air or eletricity |
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What is the vertical card magnetic compass? |
Its a compass that sits vertically in view with an airplane pointing in the direction you are going. |
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What errors are associated with a magnetic compass? |
ANDS accellerate north decelerate south UNOS undershoot north overshoot south VARIATION the difference between true and magnetic direcion DEVIATION change in the compass heading due to the magnetic interference of the aircraft parts, can be reduced by using a compass correction card. |
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What is an HSI? |
An instrument that uses the combination of a heading indicator and a VOR |
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What is a VOR? |
Very high frequency omni-directional range -transmits 360 azimuth information to aircraft |
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What frequency does the VOR operate between? |
108.0 to 117.95 MHz |
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How accurate is a VOR? |
accuracy of course alignment is plus or minus 1 degree |
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What are the 4 components of a VOR? |
1.Ground station 2. aintenna 3. reciever 4. indicator instrument (HSI/VOR) 2 through 4 are in aircraft |
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What are the types of VOR? |
Standard high altitude
Standard low altitude- 18,000ft. up, 40 NM radius
Standard terminal altitude - 12,000ft. up 25 NM radius
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What errors are associated with a VOR? |
most common are human errors such as;
-dialing in the wrong radial -not hearing the morse code |
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How often do the VOR's need to be tested? |
Every 30 days (FAR 91.171) |
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What inspections can be made for VOR? |
V ot test station (in AFD) +- 4° (morse code) O ver a known point +-6 ° D ual (two recievers) +- 4° G round check +- 4° A irborne check +- 6°
* whenever a check is performed a log book entry must be made with date, place, bearing error, and signature. |
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What is VOR/DME and what information will it provide? |
VOR/ Distance measuring equipment -this provides both azimuth and distance info -military tactical air navigation (TACAN) |
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What is a VORTAC? |
The military name for a VOR/DME |
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What is TACAN? |
Tactical Air Navigation |
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What is DME? |
Distance measuring equipment
-gives slant range distance -will never read 0 |
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What is a steep turn? |
anything that is greater than a standard rate (360° in 2 minutes (3° per second)) |
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What is a standard rate turn? |
360° in 2 minutes (3° per second) |
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What is reverse sensing? |
the VOR needle appearing to indicate the reverse of normal operation
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What is unusual attitude? |
an unintentional, unanticipated, or extreme aircraft attitude. |
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What are the Transponder codes? |
7700 - having an emergency 7600 - lost communications 7500 - hijack 1200 - VFR 7777 - military intercepts |
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What is GNSS |
Global navigation satellite system
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What 3 countries have GNSS? What are their names? |
US - GPS (global positioning system Russis - Gloness Europe - Galleleo
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What are the 3 elements of GPS? |
1. Space - satellites (30 total, 6 planes (orbits) 5 satellites per plane)
2. Control - Ground based monitoring stations (3 ground aintennas, 1 master station)
3. User - Aintenna on aircraft (reciever/ processor) |
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What is the function of the GPS? |
ranging and triangulation |
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How many satellites are needed for a 3D image? How many for RAIM? |
4 for 3D 5 for RAIM |
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What does RAIM stand for? and what does it do? |
Receiver, autonomous integrity monitoring
RAIM verifies the integrity (usability) of the information provided by the satellites making sure it is not corrupt information
p. 9-31 in IFH |
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What does WAAS stand for? and what does it do? |
Wide Area Augmentation System
WAAS is designed to improve accuracy and integrity of GPS signals - also it will be interoperable with world wide similar programs for seamless global navigation - if WAAS finds an error in satellite information it sends correction data to a wide area master station where the correction information is computed then up- linked to the satellites. -WAAS also acts as an additional GPS satellite for aircraft giving them better accuracy
p. 9-32 in IFH |
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What is RNP? |
Required Navigation performance
a navigation system that provides a specific level of accuracy in a lateral (left and right) area of confined airspace.
Left and right limits on your flight path departure, en route, terminal, and final approach
p. 9-44 in IFH AIM 1-2-2 |
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What is RNAV? |
Area Navigation
allowas a pilot to fly a selected course to a predetermined point using ground aids or space aids or a combination of both
AIM 1-2-1 |
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What is LPV? What is LNAV/VNAV?
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Localizer performance with vertical reference Lateral navigation/ vertical navigation
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What is a precision approach? |
In order to be a "precision" approcah you must have VNAV within no less than 200 ft AGL |
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What is a TERP? |
Terminal Instrument Approach Procedures |
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What is a non precision approach? |
They have no glide slope or vertical guidance |
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What is MDA? |
Minimum decent altitude |
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What is an LDA? |
Localizer type Directional Aid
-comparable to a localizer but not part of a complete ILS |
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How wide is an LDA's course? |
course width is between 3° and 6° |
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What is the LDA's center line limits? |
LDA course can be up tp 30° off centerline for straight in approach
if exceeding 30° only circling approach is permitted |
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What is an SDF? |
Simplified Directional Facility |
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What is the course widthfor an SDF? |
course width is between 6° and 12° |
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What is the usable off course indication limit for an SDF? |
may be up to 35 ° off center line of runway |
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What is ASR? |
Airport surveillance radar
detects and displays an aircraft's position in the terminal area |
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What is decision height(DH) What is decision altitude (DA) |
Both for precision approaches
DH- an altitude above threshold (AGL) where you must make a decision to continue approach or go missed
DA- an altitude in MSL at which you must go missed if the required visual reference has not been established |
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What is an ILS? |
Instrument landing system
(precision approach) |
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What are the four components of an ILS? |
1. Localizer 2. Glide slope 3. Marker beacons 4. Lights |