Inst

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Ruled that school segregation based on race was unconstitutional

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brown vs board of education

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separate but equal

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brown vs board of education

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Ordered schools to provide education for all students, whether or not they spoke english

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lau vs. nichols

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Sink or swim

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lau vs. nichols

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Primary language (1 to 3 yrs) to build foundation in literacy and academic content that will facilitate English language and academic proficiency. Aim: quick english proficiency

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Transitional bilingual education

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Serve both LMAS and LMIS, use second language for instruction at early stages, Goal: full bilingualism and biliteracy for LMAS and LMIS

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Two-way immersion programs

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Aims to teach english, and provide access to the core curriculum through the home language. LMIS and LMAS

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Bilingual education programs

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Pre ESL, May use newcomers home language, short term often for 1 or 1.5 years, help them get accustomed to culture and language

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Newcomer programs

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Subject matter is taught just in english, materials are demanded and graded, most effective for intermediate students.

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Sheltered English or SDAIE

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SDAIE

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Specifically Designed Academic instruction in english

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Subject matter is taught mostly in english, students are pulled out of class to get instruction, instruction is on english language and subject matter

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ESL pullout

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refers to people who immigrate to a new country before their early teens, they bring with them characteristics from their home country but continue assimilation and socialization in the new country

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1.5 generation

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When speaking a language you coordinate all language subsystems in order to communicate, what are they?

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Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, syntax, semantics, pragmatics

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The study of speech sounds and how they are used in natural language

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Phonology

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Actual sound making

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Phonetics

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How sounds are organized in individual languages

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phonology

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Study of word formation. Example: un+fore+seen

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Morphology

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the sentence patterns of language, putting words together to form phrases and sentences that express our thoughts

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Syntax

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The meaning of language, "that woman beautiful is my mother" (not necessarily grammatical, ungrammatical sentences are meaningful.

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Semantics

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ability to use language in a social interaction. Ex. speech acts

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pragmatics

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Language varieties are often called what, rather than languages

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dialects

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Language acquisition theories?

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Behaviorist, Innatist, Interactionists.

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"say what i say" theory

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behaviorist

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"It's all in your mind" theory

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Innatist

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"A little help from my friend" theory

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Interactionist

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Behaviorist theory leader

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B.F. Skinner

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Believed that language learning is the result of imitation, habit formation, and the establishment of stimulus response patterns.

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Behaviorists

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Language learning occurs through drill and repetitive practice which involved memorization

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Behaviorist theory

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Children imitate sounds and patterns around them and receive _________, for doing so that leads to language learning

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Positive reinforcement

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_____________ assumed that the child's mind was a ___________

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Behaviorist; tabula rasa

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a blank mental slate awaiting the scripture of experience

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tabula rasa

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In the ___________ theory, errors are corrected immediately so habits do not form

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behaviorist

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Criticism of the behaviorist theory is...?

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it cannot explain more complex grammatical structures and creative word formation, fails to accomodate ideas about social, functional, and cultural aspects of language acquisition

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Innatist theory leader?

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Noam Chomsky

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Children are biologically programmed for language that develops in the child in just the same way that biological functions develop

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Innatist theory

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"talking is like walking"

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Innatist theory

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This theory is a reaction to the inadequacy of the behaviorist theory of learning based on imitation and habit formation

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Innatist theory

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According to _______, childrens minds are not blank slates

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Chomsky

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Chomsky proposed that children were equipped from birth with a language-specific language acquisition device (LAD) or ____________, which wired children biologically for language learning

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Black box

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What is the criticism of the innatist theory?

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Did not consider the roles of social interactoin, culture, or education in language acquisition, credit for language acquisition rested exclusively with the child's brain; with individuals inner, cognitive processes.

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The role of social environment is important, caregivers play a critical role, mother assists or scaffolds the toddlers participation in the conversation, children's language develops over time, not within a single interaction

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Interactionist theory

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Audio lingual method?

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Dialogues presented in tape for students to memorize, consists of imitation, repetition, and reinforcement of grammatical structures. Error correction is immediately

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Krashen's five hypotheses

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1. Acquisition-learning, 2. monitor, 3. Natural order of acquisition, 4. Input, 5. Affective filter

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A subconscience and intuitive process of constructing the system of a language, not unlike the process used by a child to "pick up" a language.

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Acquisition

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A conscious process which shows itself in terms of learning rules and structures.

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Learning

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Only _________ language is readily available for natural, fluent communication

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acquired

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Makes a distinction between second language acquired through natural communication and second language learned formally

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acquisition learning hypothesis

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Three conditions to use Monitor are:

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time, focus on form, know the rule

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Internal editor

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monitor

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We acquire the rules of a language in a predictable sequence

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Natural order of acquisition

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refers to the tasks a child is unable to complete alone, but is able to complete with the assistance of an adult.

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zone of proximal development

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Oral development in second language acquisition integrates the four skills:

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listening, speaking, reading, writing

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Two forms of productive performance

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oral and written

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Two forms of receptive performance

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aural-auditory and reading

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In classrooms students always do more ______ than _________

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listening; speaking

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Listening competence is universally "______" than speaking competence

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larger

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How individuals use language to accomplish specific tasks

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Language functions

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communicative language functions

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meaning, social context, greetings, requesting, ect

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academic language functions

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describing, explaining, informing, comparing