Insect Phys Exam 2 - Quiz Questions

Front 1

The temperature of an insect's flight muscle during pre-flight warm-up determines its maximal rate of work output during flight. t or F?

Back 1

T

Front 2

(Fill in the blank) In butterflies (Vanessa), moths and bumble bees
(Bombus), preparation for flight consists of vibratory movements of the ______
raising the temperature of the wing muscles usually above 30°C.

Back 2

Wings

Front 3

: In lamellicorn beetles (Geotrupes) there are no visible movements of
the wings, but the vibrations can be demonstrated by detecting ________
from the muscles.

Back 3

Action potentials

Front 4

Beyond the main research findings reported in the Krogh and Zeuthen
paper, which weren’t really new, what makes the1941 paper so inspiring to
Heinrich. Explain in your own words.

Back 4

Heinrich found errors in their paper and found it also gave unknowns that led to further discoverers, paved the way for subsequent researchers to fill in the gaps/correct the mistakes. Prior there wasn't much interest in the subject.

Front 5

How did Krogh and Zeuthen disprove Dotterweich's 1928 conclusion
that moths require a definite temperature to be able to fly.

Back 5

After pre-flight shivering/warmup and registering muscle temperature via thermocouples, moths were thrown into air and recorded which were capable of flight. Some were able to fly at lower temps than Dotterweich thought.

Front 6

: In your own words, explain what the problem is/was when measuring
CO2 and O2 concentrations using an flow-through respirometer. Why can’t you just
subtract that which comes out from that which went in?

Back 6

An instantaneous point cant be taken, instead have to integrate entire curve from onset of activity. There is a delay between completion of warm up and actual O2 concentraion change coming from chamber. Too long to get measurement and is missed. Metabolic rates change too rapidly.

Front 7

In order to calculate the equilibrium value of the fractional concentration of O2 in
the air exiting the chamber in which the animal resides, you will need to measure
the RATE OF CHANGE in O2 concentration flowing out of the chamber (so measure
two time points that are pretty close together – not minutes or hours apart). Then
you multiply ________ the ________ that is specific for your set-up
(and depends on flow rate, size of chamber, dead-spaces in this chamber etc). The
value you get from this multiplication is then added to the _______ flowing from the chamber

Back 7

rate of change, rate of change, constant, oxegyn concentration

Front 8

Blood borne hormonal factor involved in molting

Back 8

Ecdysone

Front 9

Hormone related to tanning

Back 9

Bursicon

Front 10

Essential vitamin

Back 10

Carnatine

Front 11

Structure that acts as gyroscope in flies

Back 11

haltere

Front 12

You do not often see stick insects used in physiological studies. Why did
Ramsay decide to use Dixippus (now Carausius) morosus for these studies?

Back 12

Previous work had been done on this species. It has 3 types of tubules (superior, inferior, appendices of midgut) which are close to the surface and have few tracheal connections (easy to access). The proximal portion of inferior tubules was known to be location of urine production.

Front 13

Drops of bathing medium were placed in depressions in a base
of 1 under mineral oil (to prevent evaporation) in a Petri dish, and a pair
of 2 still linked by their attachment to the remaining part of the common ureter – was placed in each drop. One of the pair of 3 was pulled out of the
drop and wrapped around a thin steel pin, to which it adhered by surface tension
(Fig. 1). The use of one 4 of each pair as an anchor for the other allowed
virtually the entire length of a tubule to be bathed in the 5 drop. Additionally, it
allowed the application of classical techniques even to these tubules, the smallest
yet studied. The 6 fluid emerged from the aperture at the cut end of the
common ureter. Droplets of 7 fluid were removed at intervals with a fine
glass rod. Measurement of the 8 of the spherical droplet (with an ocular 9) allowed calculation of 10 of fluid secreted & measurement of time interval in which drop was secreted allowed the secretion 11 to be calculated

Back 13

1. Paraffin wax
2. Tubules
3. Tubules
4. Tubule
5. Saline/hemolymph
6. Secreted
7. Secreted
8. Diameter
9. Micrometer
10. Volume
11. Rate

Front 14

Philips set out to explain how hindguts of terrestrial insects produce
relatively dry frass and in the process appear to be able to move water from the gut
lumen into the hemolymph against a substantial osmotic gradient. In doing so,
according to Bradley, Philips faced two main challenges.
In your ow

Back 14

1. Isolating rectum. Ligated abdomen then flushed out gut contents. 2. Measuring ionic and osmotic parameters at the very small sizes that would fit in the hindgut. Inserted needle through anus, removed fluid, then used radioactively labeled serum albumen to detect minor changes in volume.

Front 15

What did Philips conclude about the origin of the "clear and watery
fluid" collected by way of the "cannula-method" and dissection? Why did he come to
this conclusion? (4-5 sentences)

Back 15

This liquid was entirely from the Malpighian tubules as it had the same appearance as fluid from Mts. Midgut and foregut content were dark-brown and opaque. Suggests that urine from Mts flows into midgut some as well as to hindgut, confirmed by injecting amaranth into hemolymph and tracing movement of the dye.

Front 16

List four reasons why Rhodnius (in Maddrell's opinion) made such a
nice study animal

Back 16

Large tubules, high secretion rate, stimulation of secretion, single cell type

Front 17

Dow mentions: "The best view of the day was there was an apical
potassium pump;...we now know this to be an apical V-ATPase and a closely coupled
exchanger." Where else in IB 427 did we already this see this type of pump (not the
excretory system).

Back 17

Goblet cells of midgut

Front 18

There were at least 2 "controversies" associated with the 2011 Nobel
Prize in Physiology or Medicine. What were they?

Back 18

Death of a recipient prior to announcement, postdoc claimed he did the majority of the work

Front 19

We mentioned the name Mechnikov in this course before. In what
context?

Back 19

Drosophila Antimicrobial peptide (Metchnikowin) named after him,important in immune response against bacteria/fungi.

Front 20

What is now considered "Krogh's Principle"? And why might it be
actually be a limiting approach to doing innovative research?

Back 20

For most biological question, there's an ideal study organism. May inhibit research because of the limitations of a single research animal, which may or may not explain the phenomena in other species.

Front 21

How does one calculate the respiratory quotient, and what can it tell
you about the metabolic fuel used by the study animal? In what range was the RQ
for flying locusts (as determined by Krogh and Weis-Fogh in 1951), and what
conclusion did they draw about metabolic fuel? How was this different from
previous studies on honey bees and fruit flies?

Back 21

RQ = CO2 eliminated O2 consumed, RQ suggests which metabolic fuel type is being used more, range for locusts is 0.8-0.7, concluded that fats were used, honey bees and fruit flies were closer to 1 so use carbs

Front 22

How did Krogh and Weis-Fogh ensure locust would initiate and keep
flying?

Back 22

Initiate: Blew stream of air onto head (causing sensors to activate). Continued
Flight: Keep blowing air over the head/antennae. Cut the tarsi. Keep tethered.

Front 23

Christian Bohr was August Krogh's advisor but at one point they had a
falling out and stopped talking to each other. What was the (scientific) reason for
the falling out?

Back 23

Krogh's results corrected Bohr's previous work. Passive diffusion explained how O2 moved to blood, whereas Bohr thought it was actively transported

Front 24

When did Krogh win the Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine. What
was the prize for (what research)?

Back 24

1920. Discovery of mechanism of capillary regulation in skeletal muscle.