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43 Cards in this Set
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Order Embioptera webspinners (Orthopteroid) |
elongate, cylindrical, flattened in males tropical/subtropical, legs adapted to run fore/backward through tunnels, live in tunnels kidney shaped compound eyes, lacking ocelli multisegmented antennae mandibulate mouthparts project- prognathous may be apterous- all females, some males short legs, 3 segmented tarsi abdomen 10 segmented with 2 segmented cerci silk glands on legs- create tunnels/nests |
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Order Zeroptera (Orthopteroid) |
small, termite-like pterygotes reduced wing venation 5 segmented maxillary and 3 segmented labial palps chewing mouthparts, cerci, front wings larger few MT rotting wood in small aggregations |
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Order Orthoptera grasshoppers, locusts, crickets (Orthopteroid) |
medium sized to large hind legs enlarged for jumping elongate, multisegmented antennae large prothorax with pronotum forewings leathery, hindwings broad, numerous veins abdomen- 8 visible segments (2-3 reduced) terrestrial herbivores sound signals to attract females |
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Order Phasmatodea stick insects, walking sticks (Orthopteroid) |
body elongate, cylindrical, sticklike or flattened small compound eyes, anterolateral cryptical coloration wings functional in males, absent in females brachypterous or secondarily wingless legs elongated, 5 segmented tarsi 11 segmented abdomen, segment 11 forming supra anal plate ovipositor- eggs not injected/deposited, dropped individually |
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Order Grylloblattodea ice or rock crawlers (Orthopteroid) |
soft bodied, small, obscure high elevations or cave dwelling, no humans active only in cold temperatures scavengers, omnivores mandibulate mouthparts projecting anteriorly (prognathous) compound eyes reduced or absent multisegmented antennae quadrate prothorax, wings absent legs with large coxae, 5 segmented tarsi 10 abdominal segments, 11 rudimentary |
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Order Mantophasmatodea heelwalkers (Orthopteroid) |
all apterous without wing rudiments hypognathous- long slender mouthparts femora broadened with spines, hind legs elongate prominent male cerci rare- South Africa, Tanzania, Namibia |
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Order Mantodea mantids (Orthopteroid) |
diurnal predatory (males smaller than females) raptorial front legs, mid/hind legs elongate (walking) 10 segmented abdomen small, triangular, mobile head (side to side) slender antennae, widely separated eyes narrow elongate prothorax, leathery forewings, membranous hindwing with many cross veins tropics, 5 species in US |
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Order Blattodea cockroaches, termites (Orthopteroid) |
dorsoventrally flattened filiform multisegmented antennae (hypognathous) ventrally projecting mouthparts prothorax enlarged (shield like) forewings sclerotonized, membranous reduced hindwings spiny legs, 10 segmented abdomen, cerci present ootheca production omnivores/scavengers human dwellings |
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Order Isoptera termites (Orthopteroid) |
behavioral and ecological similarities to wood roaches closely related to blattodea live in groups, females care for offspring only hemimetabolous insect to show social behavior gut organisms, symbiotic soldiers/workers- immature, pale, chewing mouthparts adults- dark pigmentation, only winged until reproduction only king and queen mate abundant in subtropics/tropics, economically devastating |
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Hemipteroid |
4 orders mouthpart specialization depending on food source hemimetaboly slender, elongate maxillary lacinia separated from stipes by postclypeus enlarged cibarium (pump) tarsi segments reduced to three or less cerci entirely absent MT reduced to 6 more advanced mouthparts adapted for ingesting liquid food- sipping, sponging, piercing/sucking |
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Order Psocoptera book and bark lice (Hemipteroid) |
moist terrestrial environments mouthparts least modification 10 mm frequent wing development in adults small colonies living below silk amongst humans feed on dry grains, book bindings most free living, some live in bird nests |
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Order Phthiraptera biting/chewing lice (Hemipteroid) |
wingless ectoparasites on bugs/mammals 1st evolved in birds some developed mechanism to break host skin some can only survive on host eggs (nits) attached to host limited host range nymphs feed on parental |
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Order Psocodea bark, book, chewing, sucking lice (Hemipteroid) |
non-parasitic and parasitic lice non-parasitic- small cryptic, large mobile head bulbous postclypeus, rooflike wings parasitic- wingless ectoparasites, dorsoventrally flattened |
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Order Thysanoptera thrips (Hemipteroid) |
elongate head, lacunae form grooved stylets derived from mandibles and maxillae, right mandible atrophied, left mandible forms a stylet asymmetrical stylets in cone shaped mouth opening- pierce and macerate food tissue phytophagous- pierce flower parts two segmented tarsi, pretarsus with adhesive ariolum reproduction haplodiploid, development between hemi and holometabolous- final instar quiescent like pupa, link to endopterygotes? some predatory, other insects (thrips) slender rodlike wings, may be secondarily lost |
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Order Hemiptera true bugs, cicadas, leafhoppers, aphids |
largest order, no parasites maxillae mandible- needlelike stylets, beaklike grooved labium= rostrum/proboscis, all parts elongated to form tubular feeding channel 2 sister orders: homoptera (cicadas, leafhoppers, aphids)- opisthognathous mouthparts may be elongated, tent like membranous wings, may be wingless heteroptera (true bugs)- hemelytra- at rest cross over back, membranous wings intricately folded, relatively short rostrum, terrestrial/aquatic/semiaquatic, variety of diets- vascular plants, organic matter, herbivores, scavengers, predators, parasites stylets form 2 grooves- one for saliva, one for outpacing fluid lack maxillary and labial palps pro-mesothorax large reduced wing venation, some apterous or 1 pair wings adhesive pretarsal structures |
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Endopterygota holometabolous development |
9 orders wings in pupal stage holometabolous development- larval instars adult wings and genitalia internalized in preadults= unvaccinated during penultimate mount pupa stage is nonfeeding and precedes imago derived features are obvious in adult |
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Order Neuroptera lacewings Order Megaloptera dobsonflies Raphidioptera snakeflies (Endopterygote) |
species poor orders adults with multisegmented antennae, mandibulate mouthparts, large separated eyes large prothorax, legs adapted for predation fore and hindwings similar (2 pairs, membranous), folded wings extend beyond abdomen tentlike, cerci lacking silk produced by MT not salivary glands, pupal stage in silk |
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Order Coleoptera beetles, weevils (Endopterygote) |
largest order forewings elytra (sclerotonized) cover many abdominal segments folded hindwings both larvae and adults strong mandibulates |
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Order Strepsiptera (Endopterygote) |
extreme sexual dimorphism parasitic to hymenoptera, orthoptera, hemiptera male- bulging eyes (large facets), lack ocelli, branched antennae, stubby forewings, fan shaped hindwings legs lack trochanter and claws female- larviform, wingless and protruding from host hypermetamorphosis, larvae change body form during maturation |
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Order Diptera true flies (Endopterygote) |
hind wings as balancers, reduced larval stages lack true legs (maggot like) mandibulate larval head capsule complete to lacking wing venation simple to complex rostrum- biting/sucking to lapping mouthparts adult habitats range- aquatic, semiaquatic, mostly terrestrial soil, plant, or animal tissue, dung, dead animals |
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Order Mecoptera scorpion and hanging flies, snowfleas (Endopterygote) |
adults elongated protruding rostrum, slender mandibles, maxillae and elongate labium eyes large and separate, chewing mouthparts at rostrum tip filiform antennae fore and hindwings similar but often reduced front wings= predominant flight surface, hindwings= change function/reduce size larvae with sclerotonized head capsule,short thoracic and prolegs (abdominal), white grub most sylvan habitats omnivores, mandibulate |
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Order Siphonaptera fleas (Endopterygote) |
adults bilaterally compressed mouthparts piercing and sucking (labral and paired serrate lacinial stylets), mandibles lacking no compound eyes and reduced antennae wings absent (secondarily lost), hind legs well developed larvae slender and maggotlike |
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Order Trichoptera caddisflies (Endopterygote) |
mothlike nocturnal, weak fliers, attracted to light moist, cool environments, hide in stream vegetation during day 3-5 segmented maxillary palps multisegmented filiform antennae large compound eyes with 2-3 ocelli haired wings and body- ling, hairlike setae wings tentlike at rest aquatic larvae with mouthparts and 3 pairs of legs adults reduced |
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Order Lepidoptera butterflies and moths (Endopterygote) |
long coiled proboscis (elongated maxillae), large labial palps, other mouthparts absent (except mandibles) large compound eyes and ocelli multisegmented pectinate antennae wings covered in double layer of scales, hind and forewings linked (frenulum hook) caterpillar with sclerotonized head capsule, silk glands |
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Order Hymenoptera ants, bees, wasps, wood wasps (Endopterygote) |
ventral mouthparts forward projecting, mostly unspecialized large compound eyes, multisegmented antennae and held forward wing venation from complete to reduced, hamuli female genitals include ovipositor abdomen may be modified into sting associated with venom glands ecological specialists true social insects |
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Orthopteroid |
simple, unspecialized body plan with ancestral characteristics 4 wings (some secondarily wingless), front wings leathery (tegmina), in flight wings operate independently hemimetabola |
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Entognaths |
mouthparts all internal |
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Order Collembola springtails (Entognath) (Apterygote) |
minute to small, softbodied maxillae/mandible 6 segmented abdomen, colophon, furcula |
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Order Diplura bristletails (Entognath) (Apterygote) |
small to medium, unpigmented moniliform antennae abdomen and thorax poorly distinct cerci well-developed tracheal system |
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Order Protura cone heads (Entognath) (Apterygote) |
small, delicate, unpigmented missing antennae and cerci maxillae/mandibles slightly protruding thorax/abdomen poorly defined |
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Ectognaths true insects |
ocelli and compound eyes maxillary/labial palps thorax well developed- epimorphic 6-segmented thoraic legs 11 segmented abdomen with male/female gonopores cerci primitively present |
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Apterygotes |
most primitive, without wings molt as adults (40-50 times) short, segmented appendages produce spermatophore, deposited on ground, external fertilization, some courtship |
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Archaeognatha (Apterygote) |
leaf litter, deciduous forest, grassy/wooded hypognathous partially retracted lateral styli- abdominal appendages- gonopore areas, small (rudimentary) no copulation molt- cement to substrate (feces) doesn't hold? molt incomplete=death 2 cerci, forked (multisegmented) ametabolous- hatch into young adults no sperm storage in female, no spermatheca medium sized, elongate 3 ocelli, compound eyes 2-3 segmented tarsi humped thorax |
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Thysanura firebrats, zygentoma, silverfish (Apterygote) |
3-5 tarsal segments compound eyes small/absent antennae long and multisegmented cerci long and multisegmented- sub equal to caudal appendage spermatophore picked up by females, sperm released, spermatophore eaten fast running night active insects well adapted to human docile- nocturnal, old books/carpets long lived (3-6 years), may live through 60 molts dorsoventrally flattened mouthparts ventral slightly protruding thorax/abdomen continuous development without change in body form after male leads female to gift, ties her down with silk produce cellulase, by bacteria, protozoa, fungi |
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Monura (Apterygote) |
extinct resembled bristletails single lengthy filament on abdomen largest specimen 30mm 3 pairs walking legs on thorax abdomen contains smaller vestigial legs= ancestral condition |
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Pterygota |
winged insects and secondarily lost wings meso&metathorax warmer weather, largest species diversity in tropics/subtropics 11 or fewer abdominal segments lack stylets and vesicular appendages tracheal spiracles/stigmata= muscular closure mating= copulation, holo/hemi/paurometabolous, no adult ecdysis |
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Paleoptera |
old wings, no folding triadic wings- parallel main veins and intercalated veins of opposite convexity/concavity articulation via plates fused with veins |
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Neoptera |
new wings fold back at rest axillary sclerites- base wing articulation exploitation of ecological niches- agility on ground |
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Order Ephemeroptera mayflies (Pterygote) (Paleoptera) |
nonfunctional strongly reduced adult mouthparts, nonfeeding some reproduce in day, death after mating/oviposition mandible articulation between monocondyly and dicondyly one axillary plate in wing articulation male forelegs modified- copulation during flight, paired genital openings nymps aquatic- hemimetaboly terminal naiad rises in bubble, swimmers/burrowers herbivorous, most develop in a few weeks, some take year/generation biting/chewing mouthparts ecological indicators (water quality) retention of submerge- holds onto stem/leaf, adult within hours, only insect that molts with functional wings |
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Order Odonata dragonflies, damselflies (Pterygote) (Paleoptera) |
"toothed ones" most ancient/beautiful two axillary plates (humeral and posterior) secondary copulatory apparatus (ventral segment 2-3)= copulatory wheel immature stages aquatic, prehensible labium witchcraft- devil's needle damselflies- more slender abdomen may move labium in 25msec feed opportunistically- mayfly naiads, crustaceans, mollusks, fish and tadpoles mosquito hawks naiad gills: dragonfly- internal damselfly- abdominal |
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Orthopteroids |
11 orders relatively unspecialized chewing mouthparts hemimetaboly expanded anal area, tarsal euplantulae |
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Order Plecoptera stoneflies (Orthopteroid) |
mandibulate adults=naiads filiform/moniliform antennae bulging compound eyes subequal tarsal segments- 3 segmented tarsi fore and hindwings membranous and similar- may be very short, folded horizontally over abdomen unequal thoraic segments |
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Order Dermaptera earwigs (Orthopteroid) |
elongate, dorsoventrally flattened unsegmented forceps like cerci forward projecting mouthparts compound eyes large to absent forewings elytra like, membranous hindwings enlarged maternal care- nest building, no means to detect own/adopted eggs, worldwide distribution 3 segmented tarsi, may be apterous |
