• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/83

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

83 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Barbara McClintock
Discovered transposable elements in corn, Nobel Prize
Class I elements
transposons that move via an RNA intermediate using reverse transcriptase
Class II elements
transposons that move as DNA molecules by cut and past using transposase
Retroviral-like/LTR retrotransposons
Long, bounded by long terminal repeats, encode a reverse transcriptase homolog
LINE-like/non-LTR elements
Resembled RT transcripts, copy into cDNA then reincorporate into genome
inverted terminal repeats (ITRs)
sequence repeated in the opposite direction
Yuichiro Hiraizumi
First detected P elements genetically
Hybrid dysgenesis
Set of effects caused by wild male x M lab female: sterile at high temperatures, high frequencies of novel mutations recovered in F2, high frequencies of chromosomal rearrangements in F2
Gerry Rubin and Margaret Kidwell
Cloned the P element
Margaret Kidwell
Tried a horizontal transfer experiment
enhancer trap
reporter gene directly downstream of weak P element promoter, jumps near strong enhancer = reporter gene expression
GAL4/UAS system
STRAIN 1: p element with GAL4, STRAIN 2: multiple UAS enhancer binding sites for GAL4 upstream of gene you want to express, CROSS LINES = gene expressed according to GAL4 pattern
GFP
jellyfish protein that can be fused to endogenous protein or gene hooked up to promoter/UAS, expression pattern visible under UV
ADH
detoxifies ethanol by removing an H, allows fly to survive on fermenting fruits
DNA footprinting
finds where transcription factors bind the DNA - fractionate nuclear protein extracts, mix fractions with transcription DNA fragment, treate with DNas1, run on gel
Judy Willis
worked out details of differential expression of ADH using developmental Northerns
Ovarioles
progression of oocytes from asymmetrical mitotic division of stem cell to final oocyte in vitellarium
nurse cells
provision occyte
oocyte
undergoes meiosis
follicle cells
epithelial somatic cells that line oocyte and contribute proteins/signals
Drosophila cleavage
zygote nucleus divides without cytokinesis
syncitial blastoderm
blastula with naked nuclei
cellular blastoderm
nuclei are cellularized, overall fate of cells determined
germ-band extension and retraction
to form organs and structures
gastrulation
formation of ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
morphogens
proteins deposited in oocyte by nurse cells
maternal effect genes
homozygous mutations cause sterility in mother, no matter if male is wild type
Nusslein-Volhard
demonstrated that insect embryology involves gradients of morphogens, confirmed bicoid model
Bicoid
transcription factor that controls zygotic genes by binding their enhancers, anterior, mutants lack anterior segments
Nanos
posterior mRNA binding protein, posterior, mutants lack posterior segments
Gap genes
first zygotic genes transcribed, homo mutans missing entire sections
helix-turn-helix motif
alpha-helices that mediate DNA binding on homeoboxes such as in bicoid
zinc-finger
DNA-binding motif, 2 fingers hold zinc ion by Cys/His, interact with enhancer DNA
pair-rule genes
mutants show loss of alternating segments, includes runt/hairy/eve/odd/ftz, overlapping expression and gap genes refine them
segment polarity genes
mutants have inverted duplicated denticle belts, include engrailed/wingless
important gap genes
knirps, kruppel, giant, hunchback, caudal
homeotic mutations
transform one part of body into characteristics of another part
homeotic genes
specification of identity of segments
Ed Lewis
Nobel for work on bithorax complex, model for Bithorax complex
HOX complex genes
labial, proboscipedia, zen, deformed, sex-combs-reduced, antennapedia, ultrabithorax, abdominal-A, abdominal-B
Antennapedia complex
5 genes, 8 exons, 4 transcripts but only 1 protein product
Antennapedia complex genes
Scr, Dfd, ftz, bcd, pb
Bithorax complex
3 genes, Ubx gene, abd-A/B genes
Bob Denell and Susan Brown
studied Bithorax complex, created mutants with deletion of all but most anterior gene = all segments have antennae
homeobox
domain on HOX genes near C-terminus, highly conserved, sequence-specific DNA binding region of helix-turn-helix domain, master controllers for segment genes
meoitic nondysjunction
can generate X0 sterile males and viable/fertile XXY females, Y has nothing to do with sex determination in insects
Gynandromorphs
mitotic non-dysjunction, 1 X lost in female early on = split cells between male and female
Tom Cline
model of sex determination in Drosophila
Bruce Baker
found genes involved in sex determination and that they have HLH domain
helix-loop-helix
facilitates cooparitive binding of transcription factors that read the X:A ratio
sex-lethal gene
dominant overexpression allele that prevents hyperactivation of X and kills males, master gene controlling sex determination
transformer gene
regulates doublesex, differential splicing in female vs male
doublesex
differential splicing in female vs male, different C-terminal sequences, inactivate the opposite sex differentiating genes
fruitless gene
male courtship, abdominal/neuronal development
complementary sex determiner gene
sex determination locus in bees
DM domain
DNA-binding domain with zinc-binding and alpha-helix regions
period gene
affects circadian, courtship song, and locomotory rhythms - 3 mutant alleles: per^0, per^s, per^L
Benzer
discovered per gene
PAS domain
involved in dimerization in transcription factors with bHLH domain
E-box
enhancers on per/tim genes, CACGTG sequence, binding target for bHLH domains
cryptochrome
protein involved in light input, activation leads to binding TIM protein and targeting it for degredation, restores circadian rhythm if it is out of sync
paralog vs ortholog
paralog: diverged via duplication event, ortholog: diverged via speciation event
synteny
genes between two species on same chromosomes even if order has been rearranged
microsynteny
genes between two species in same order between species
phylogenetic foot-printing
studies comparing multiple species from near to far for conserved regions
modENCodE 2010
huge study of chromatin structures, epigenetics, histone modifications, DNA replication, RNA transcription - tripled # of NT known in D. mel. to about 17k genes
OBPs
odorant binding proteins: proteins that bind odorants, small, unspecific in binding, necessary for efficient olfaction
Bombyx PBP
pheromone binding proteins: globular, 6 alpha-helices held by 3 disulfide bonds between 6 conserved Cys
lipocalins
vertebrate olfaction, transport small hydrophobic chemicals, also in insects but not for olfaction
Linda Buck
found mammalian olfactory receptors, nobel prize
odorant ligands
most odorants have multiple receptors, most odorant receptors perceive multiple odorants, combinatorial system
vomeronasal receptors
2 families of candidate olfactory receptors, expressed in vemoronasal organ of mammals, mediates pheromone responses
taste receptors
2 families, detect either sweet or bitter
Cori Bargmann
found nematode receptors including mutant that can't smell a particular chemical, proteins represent large families
John Carlson
found Drosophila OBPs and odorant receptors, identified transcription factor required for certain OR genes
Richard Axel
lab that worked with insect olfactory receptors
Leslie Vosshall
showed DORs function as ligand-gated ion channels
ionotropic receptors
independent evo of insect chemoreceptors for olfaction and taste
Cyp6g1 p450
D. mel enzyme that is over transcribed to confer resistence to DDT and other insecticides
Richard ffrench-Constant
found Cyp6g1 p450 mutant's role in resistance to DDT and other insecticides, cyclodiene resistance due to change in GABA receptor
Bacillus thuringiensis
produces spores that make prototoxin, cleaved by insects to make toxin, bind midgut cells and make holes = death - used in control
Cry proteins
protein crystal from Bt, 2 beta pleat domains, cylinder of alpha-helices form pore across midgut cell membrane = dead insect
cadherin
cell-cell interaction protein, retrotransposon insertion caused mutation for resistance to Bt