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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Barbara McClintock
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Discovered transposable elements in corn, Nobel Prize
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Class I elements
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transposons that move via an RNA intermediate using reverse transcriptase
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Class II elements
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transposons that move as DNA molecules by cut and past using transposase
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Retroviral-like/LTR retrotransposons
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Long, bounded by long terminal repeats, encode a reverse transcriptase homolog
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LINE-like/non-LTR elements
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Resembled RT transcripts, copy into cDNA then reincorporate into genome
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inverted terminal repeats (ITRs)
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sequence repeated in the opposite direction
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Yuichiro Hiraizumi
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First detected P elements genetically
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Hybrid dysgenesis
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Set of effects caused by wild male x M lab female: sterile at high temperatures, high frequencies of novel mutations recovered in F2, high frequencies of chromosomal rearrangements in F2
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Gerry Rubin and Margaret Kidwell
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Cloned the P element
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Margaret Kidwell
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Tried a horizontal transfer experiment
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enhancer trap
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reporter gene directly downstream of weak P element promoter, jumps near strong enhancer = reporter gene expression
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GAL4/UAS system
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STRAIN 1: p element with GAL4, STRAIN 2: multiple UAS enhancer binding sites for GAL4 upstream of gene you want to express, CROSS LINES = gene expressed according to GAL4 pattern
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GFP
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jellyfish protein that can be fused to endogenous protein or gene hooked up to promoter/UAS, expression pattern visible under UV
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ADH
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detoxifies ethanol by removing an H, allows fly to survive on fermenting fruits
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DNA footprinting
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finds where transcription factors bind the DNA - fractionate nuclear protein extracts, mix fractions with transcription DNA fragment, treate with DNas1, run on gel
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Judy Willis
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worked out details of differential expression of ADH using developmental Northerns
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Ovarioles
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progression of oocytes from asymmetrical mitotic division of stem cell to final oocyte in vitellarium
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nurse cells
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provision occyte
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oocyte
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undergoes meiosis
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follicle cells
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epithelial somatic cells that line oocyte and contribute proteins/signals
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Drosophila cleavage
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zygote nucleus divides without cytokinesis
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syncitial blastoderm
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blastula with naked nuclei
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cellular blastoderm
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nuclei are cellularized, overall fate of cells determined
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germ-band extension and retraction
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to form organs and structures
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gastrulation
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formation of ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
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morphogens
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proteins deposited in oocyte by nurse cells
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maternal effect genes
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homozygous mutations cause sterility in mother, no matter if male is wild type
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Nusslein-Volhard
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demonstrated that insect embryology involves gradients of morphogens, confirmed bicoid model
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Bicoid
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transcription factor that controls zygotic genes by binding their enhancers, anterior, mutants lack anterior segments
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Nanos
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posterior mRNA binding protein, posterior, mutants lack posterior segments
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Gap genes
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first zygotic genes transcribed, homo mutans missing entire sections
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helix-turn-helix motif
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alpha-helices that mediate DNA binding on homeoboxes such as in bicoid
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zinc-finger
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DNA-binding motif, 2 fingers hold zinc ion by Cys/His, interact with enhancer DNA
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pair-rule genes
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mutants show loss of alternating segments, includes runt/hairy/eve/odd/ftz, overlapping expression and gap genes refine them
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segment polarity genes
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mutants have inverted duplicated denticle belts, include engrailed/wingless
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important gap genes
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knirps, kruppel, giant, hunchback, caudal
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homeotic mutations
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transform one part of body into characteristics of another part
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homeotic genes
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specification of identity of segments
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Ed Lewis
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Nobel for work on bithorax complex, model for Bithorax complex
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HOX complex genes
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labial, proboscipedia, zen, deformed, sex-combs-reduced, antennapedia, ultrabithorax, abdominal-A, abdominal-B
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Antennapedia complex
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5 genes, 8 exons, 4 transcripts but only 1 protein product
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Antennapedia complex genes
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Scr, Dfd, ftz, bcd, pb
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Bithorax complex
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3 genes, Ubx gene, abd-A/B genes
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Bob Denell and Susan Brown
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studied Bithorax complex, created mutants with deletion of all but most anterior gene = all segments have antennae
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homeobox
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domain on HOX genes near C-terminus, highly conserved, sequence-specific DNA binding region of helix-turn-helix domain, master controllers for segment genes
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meoitic nondysjunction
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can generate X0 sterile males and viable/fertile XXY females, Y has nothing to do with sex determination in insects
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Gynandromorphs
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mitotic non-dysjunction, 1 X lost in female early on = split cells between male and female
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Tom Cline
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model of sex determination in Drosophila
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Bruce Baker
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found genes involved in sex determination and that they have HLH domain
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helix-loop-helix
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facilitates cooparitive binding of transcription factors that read the X:A ratio
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sex-lethal gene
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dominant overexpression allele that prevents hyperactivation of X and kills males, master gene controlling sex determination
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transformer gene
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regulates doublesex, differential splicing in female vs male
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doublesex
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differential splicing in female vs male, different C-terminal sequences, inactivate the opposite sex differentiating genes
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fruitless gene
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male courtship, abdominal/neuronal development
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complementary sex determiner gene
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sex determination locus in bees
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DM domain
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DNA-binding domain with zinc-binding and alpha-helix regions
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period gene
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affects circadian, courtship song, and locomotory rhythms - 3 mutant alleles: per^0, per^s, per^L
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Benzer
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discovered per gene
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PAS domain
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involved in dimerization in transcription factors with bHLH domain
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E-box
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enhancers on per/tim genes, CACGTG sequence, binding target for bHLH domains
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cryptochrome
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protein involved in light input, activation leads to binding TIM protein and targeting it for degredation, restores circadian rhythm if it is out of sync
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paralog vs ortholog
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paralog: diverged via duplication event, ortholog: diverged via speciation event
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synteny
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genes between two species on same chromosomes even if order has been rearranged
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microsynteny
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genes between two species in same order between species
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phylogenetic foot-printing
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studies comparing multiple species from near to far for conserved regions
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modENCodE 2010
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huge study of chromatin structures, epigenetics, histone modifications, DNA replication, RNA transcription - tripled # of NT known in D. mel. to about 17k genes
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OBPs
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odorant binding proteins: proteins that bind odorants, small, unspecific in binding, necessary for efficient olfaction
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Bombyx PBP
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pheromone binding proteins: globular, 6 alpha-helices held by 3 disulfide bonds between 6 conserved Cys
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lipocalins
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vertebrate olfaction, transport small hydrophobic chemicals, also in insects but not for olfaction
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Linda Buck
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found mammalian olfactory receptors, nobel prize
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odorant ligands
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most odorants have multiple receptors, most odorant receptors perceive multiple odorants, combinatorial system
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vomeronasal receptors
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2 families of candidate olfactory receptors, expressed in vemoronasal organ of mammals, mediates pheromone responses
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taste receptors
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2 families, detect either sweet or bitter
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Cori Bargmann
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found nematode receptors including mutant that can't smell a particular chemical, proteins represent large families
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John Carlson
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found Drosophila OBPs and odorant receptors, identified transcription factor required for certain OR genes
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Richard Axel
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lab that worked with insect olfactory receptors
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Leslie Vosshall
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showed DORs function as ligand-gated ion channels
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ionotropic receptors
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independent evo of insect chemoreceptors for olfaction and taste
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Cyp6g1 p450
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D. mel enzyme that is over transcribed to confer resistence to DDT and other insecticides
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Richard ffrench-Constant
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found Cyp6g1 p450 mutant's role in resistance to DDT and other insecticides, cyclodiene resistance due to change in GABA receptor
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Bacillus thuringiensis
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produces spores that make prototoxin, cleaved by insects to make toxin, bind midgut cells and make holes = death - used in control
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Cry proteins
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protein crystal from Bt, 2 beta pleat domains, cylinder of alpha-helices form pore across midgut cell membrane = dead insect
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cadherin
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cell-cell interaction protein, retrotransposon insertion caused mutation for resistance to Bt
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