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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 Assumptions of the Atomic Theory
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1 All matter is composed of atoms
2 Atoms of one element are alike, but differ from those of all other elements 3 Chemical compounds are composed of SPECIFIC COMBINATIONS of atom (H2O not HO2) 4 Chemical reactions change only the way atoms are combined, not the atoms themselves. |
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Ionic Compound
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compound formed when 1 or more ions of opposite charge combine to form an electrically neutral compound
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Give some Characteristics of Ionic Compounds
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1 conduct electricity
2 Water soluble (ex: NaCl) 3 High Boiling points 4 not usually soluble in organc substances |
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List some characteristics of Molecular compounds
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1 Nonmetals (gas, liquid, some solids)
2 Poor conductors of electricity 3 Low boiling points 4 not soluble in water 5 usually soluble in organic substances |
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Bond Dissociation Energy
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Amount of energy it takes to separate atoms from each other
(measures the strength of a covalent bond) |
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3 things that decrease Activation Energy
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1 Increase temp.
2 increase concentration of reactants 3 add a catalyst (ex enzyme) *all these increase motion and increase collisions |
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Ionization energy
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the energy required to remove an electron
form a cation |
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Electron Affinity
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the energy required to add an electron
form an anion |
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Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
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1 no attractive forces b/t molecules and atoms of a gas
2 amount of space b/t molecules is greater thatn the space taken up by the molecules themselves 3 kinetic energy is proportional to temp 4 total kinetic energy of particles is constant (collisions are elastic) |
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Kinetic Energy
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energy in motion
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What crosses lipid membrane?
ionized or nonionized |
nonionized things cross lipid membranes
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What does volatile mean?
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A gas is easily vaporized
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What are some characteristics of water
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1 only substance found in all 3 states (gas, liquid, solid) at temp. found on earth
2 highest specific heat of any liquid (can absorb a lot of heat before it gets hot) 3 high heat of vaporization 4 high surface tension 5 becomes less dense as it cools---ice floats |
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what increases attaction between molecules in a substance
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high melting point and high boiling point
(ex: polar molecules) |
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What is vapor pressure
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the pressure of the gas against the closed container
gas has to be at equilibrium in order to figure out vapor pressure |
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How many Liters are in 1 mole of N2O?
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1 Mole=22.4 L
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Equilibrium Constant Equation
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k=Products/Reactants
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Law of Mass Action
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says we can calculate equilibrium
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What is molarity?
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# of moles per liter of solute
1 mole = 22.4 ml |
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What is Henry's law?
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C1/P1 = C2/P2
solubility of a gas is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas if the temp. is constant. *Amt of gas dissolved is proportional to the press. of the gas |
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What is a colligative Property?
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a Property of a solution that depends on the # of dissolved particles not on their chemical property
Ex: Vapor Press. Boiling Point Freezing Point |
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What are the 2 things that are key to vapor pressure?
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1. Identity of the substance
2 Temperature *Relationship b/t VP and T is not linear |
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What are the 4 things that the solubility of a gas is dependent on?
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1. Partial Pressure
2. Temperature 3. Identity of the gas 4. The liquid (solvent) |
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Which is more soluble in Blood Nitric oxide or Nitrogen?
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Nitric Oxide is 34% more soluble in blood than nitrogen
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What does the Blood:Gas Partition Coefficient tell about a drug
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the onset of the drug
How quickly the gas will build up a partial pressure |
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What does the oil:Gas Partition Coefficient tell about a drug?
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The potency of the drug
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If a gas is very soluble, does it have a longer or shorter onset of action?
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It has a longer onset of action b/c it is being dissolved in the blood but not building up a partial pressure to move into the tissues.
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Is halothane soluble or not very soluble
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Very Soluble-- takes longer to work
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What are Starling's two opposing forces?
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Colloid Pressure
Hydrostatic Pressure |
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What is the blood:gas partiction coefficient of nitric oxide?
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it is 0.47
Very small coefficient--not very soluble, so has fast onset of action |
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What are the 2 things that determine the Alveolar partial pressure (and Brain partial pressure) of inhaled anesthetics?
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1. Input of anesthetic into alveoli
2. Uptake of anesthetic from alveoli to capillary blood |
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What is MAC
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MIn. Alveolar Concentration that will cause a response to noxious stimulus in 50% of patients
-a measure of potency |
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What does it mean if a drug has a low MAC?
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Need less of it to get results; Greater Potency
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How do water molecules get across membranes?
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H2O is a polar molecule.
Goes through Aqua Corins (by passive diffusion) -the number of aqua corins can change in response to a signal or stimulus ie: Vasopressin |
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What is osmotic Pressure?
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the pressure needed to oppose the movement of water down a solute concentration gradient across a cell membrane
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Name 2 types of gated channels
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1. Voltage Gated channel (respond to diff. in electrical potential across lipid membrane)
2. Ligand Gated channel (opens in response to a chemical) |
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What is the equation for figuring out osmolarity?
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Molarity (mole/liter) X # of osmotically active particles = osmolarity
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What is an example of Facilitated diffusion?
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Protien channels (solute is helped by a carrier protien)
Ex: Glucose |
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What is Graham's Law?
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the rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its density(molecular weight)
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What is Fick's Law?
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A/T (D) (P1-P2)
A= area T= thickness D= constant; related to solubility |
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What is the Molarity of an IV solution of 10% Dextrose?
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Dextrose = C6H12O6 =
180 Gm/mole in 10 Gm/ 100ml = 0.55 moles/ liter |
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What is the difference b/t Fick's Law and Graham/s law
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Fick focuses on the membrane and Graham focus on the size of the molecule (MW)
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What affects the forward flow of gases in the body?
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the partial pressure gradient
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What is matter?
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anything physically real, occupies space and hass mass
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What are the 2 kinds of matterr?
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Mixture
Pure substance |
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what is amixture? A pure substance?
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mixture is a blend of 2 or more substances with individual chmical indetitiies (sugar and water
Pure substance: uniform in composition and properties (chem compounds/elements) |
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What is a physical Property?
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determined wihtout altering the chemical structure
(color, size, boiling point) |
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What is a chemical property?
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does involve a change in chemistry
(combustion, chemical reactivity) |
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Periodic table: where are the metals?
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On the left (Hydrogen is only nonmetal on left)
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properties of metals?
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solid at room temperatireu
lustrous appearance melleable Good conductors of heat and electricity |
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Properties of nonmetals?
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on Right of periodic table
May be solid, liquid or gas at room temperature Poor conductors of heat and elctricity |
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What is a compound?
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pure substance composed of 2 or more Different atoms chemically bonded to one another;can be broken down
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What is a molecule?
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the smallest subdivision of a compound that has the properties of that compound
Ex: Hydrogen, Notrogen, flurine |
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Is O2 a compund?
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NO
considered to be a molecule O2 = elemental oxyegen = molecular oxygen |
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What a re the subatomic particle of an atom
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protons, neutrons, electrons
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What is the atomic # and where is it on the periodic table?
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# of protons and # of electrons (if no charge)
at top Ex: Carbon's At. # is 6, so has 6 protons and 6 electrons |
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What is the atomic weight?
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# of protons # # of neutrons
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Where is most of the mas contained in an atom?
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the nucleus (b/c has all nuetrons and protons)
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What is the Valance shell?
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The outermost shell of an atom
Shells: 1,2,3 Subshells: s, p. f, d |
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How many electrons can shell 1 hold? shell 2?
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shell 1 = 2 electrons
shell 2 = 8 electrons ( 2 in s and 6 in p) |
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What are the inert gases in relation to the theory of octet?
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they have fuller outer shells (8 electrons in outer ring), so are more stable and have less tendency to bond
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What are the properties of ionic compounds?
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Ex: NaCl
Good conductors of heat hogh Boiling point not soluble in organc substances metals soluble in water |
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Does a cation have more electrons or protons?
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+ charged atom has lost an electron (has more protons)
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What are electrolytes?
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substances that produce ions and conduct electricity when dissolved in water
Ex: NaCl |
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Do metals typically loose electrons or gain electrons?
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loose (ionization) and become cations
K, Na, Li have small ionization energy so it happens easily |
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What atoms typically gain electrons?
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Reactive Nonmetals gain electrons and become anions
Ex: Halogens, F, Br, Cl |
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What is a mole?
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the amount of substance whose mass in grams is numerically equal to its molecular formula weight (MW)
H2O MW= 18 Gm, so 1 mole of H2O = 18 Gm/mole |
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What is one mole of any substance equal to?
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Avagadro's #
6.022 x 10 (23) molecules/mole |
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what is 1 mole = in liters? in molecules?
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22.4 Liters
6.022 x 10 (23) molecules |
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What is molar mass?
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A conversion factor b/t mass in grams and moles
Ex: molar mass of H2O = 18 Gm/mole |
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What does bond dissociation energy measure?
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the strength of a covalent bond
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what is free energy? when is it absorbed? released?
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released in Exergonic reactions (spontaneous)
Absorbed in (endergonic reactions (nonspont.) Potential energy Kinetic energy |
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3 things that decrease reaction energy?
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increased temperature
in creased concentration of reactants Catalyst (enzyme) |
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What is boiling point?
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the temperature at which liquid and gas phases are at equilibrium
it will increase with increase in atmospheric pressure |
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When solid changes to gas, is heat released or absorbed?
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Endothermic Rxn heat is added/ absorbed
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Is solubility a physical or chemical property?
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physical
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in a Basic Drug, is the protoniated form the ionized or nonionized form?
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the ionized form
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What is Le Chatelier's Principle?
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when a stress is appled to a system at epuilibrium, the equilibrium shifts to relieve the stress (without changing the value of K-- the constant)
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What is Van de Waal's forces in relation to liquids?
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molecules in a liquid are held together by these force (attractive forces), but can slide over one another
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An ideal gas obeys all the principles of what theory?
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Kinetic molecular theory of gasses
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1 atmosphere = ?
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760 mm Hg = 760 Tore = 101 kPa (kilopascals) = 14.7 psi (lb/square inches)
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HOw do convert Celsius to Kelvin?
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Celsius + 273 = Kelvin
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What is Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP)
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0 degree Celsius = 273 Kelvin
and 1 atm = 760 mmHg |
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What is Avagodro's Law?
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Volume and Amount
V1/N1 = V2/N2 |
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What is Standard molar volume?
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1 mole of any gas = 22.4 Liters
Ex: 1 mole of molecular oxygen = 22.4 Liter molecular weight of O2 = 32 Grams/mole |
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What is the only constant in the combined gas law?
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n = amount
PV/T = PV/T |
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HOw do you calculate a partial pressure of a gas?
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atmospheric pressure X % of gas
760X .21 |
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When there is an increased attraction b/t moleculaes, what does this do to melting and boiling point?
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they will both be increased
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What is percent of water in body?
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66%
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What are the two properties of liquids that are related to intermolecular forces (bonding)
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Viscosity
Surface tension |
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What is an amorphous solid
Crystalline solid? |
Amorphous: particles do not have an orderly arrangement
Crystalline: particles are gididly held in an ordered arrangement |
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when gas goes to liquid and then to solid, is heat absorbed or released
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Released (exothermic)
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When solid goes to liquid and then to gas, is heat released or absorbed
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Absorbed Endothermic
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What is Henry's Law?
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Says that solubility of a gas is directly proportional to the partial pressure of the gas if the temp. is constant
K = solubility/ partial pressure |
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Henry's law says that the amount of gas dissolved is proportional to what?
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Pressure of the gas
C1/P1 = C2/P2 |
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What is Molarity = ?
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Molarity = # of moles per Liter of solution
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What is the differnce b/t mixtures and solutions?
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Mixture is a combination of 2 or more substances that retain their chemical identity
(heterogeneous or homogenous composistion) Solution: has a substance dissolved in the other substance |
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What is an example of a Colilgative Property?
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Vapor pressure
Boiling Point Freezing point |
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Is boiling point higher for a solution of pure solvent?
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Higher for a solution
vapor pressure and freezing point are lower for solution vs. solvent |
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What are 2 things key to vapor pressure?
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Identity of substance
TemperatureTemp will increasee VP, but relationship is not linear |
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Factors that affect the solubility of a gas
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partial pressure (concentration)
Temperature Identity of the gas the solvent (liquid) |
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which is more soluble in blood, Nitric Oxide (N2O) or nitrogen?
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nitric oxide is 34% more soluble in blood
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What is the definition of partition coeffecient?
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the ratio of the amoun tof substance present in one phase compared with another (the 2 phases being of equal voluema d in equilibrium)
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Blood:Gas coefficeinet tell?
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Onset of drug
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oil:gas coefficient tells?
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Potency of drug
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What drug to you avoid use with a pt. with a pnuemothorax
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N2O (r/o air emboli)
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What does a Blood:Gas coefficient of 10 mean?
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means that the concentration of the drug is 10 in the blood and 1 in the alveolar gas when the partial pressures of the drug in the two phases are identical
10X more soluble in blood than in alveolar gas |
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If a drug is poorly solube (not very soluble in blood, what does this mean?
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will have a Quick onset, b/c builds up a partial pressure in blood fast
Example: N2O |
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What anesthetics are intermediately soluble?
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Halothane
Isoflurane Take longer for onset b/c have increased solubility in blood, so take longer to build up partial pressure |
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What is the MAC?
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Min. Alveolar Concentration that will caise a response to noxious stimulus in 50% of pts
Measure of Potency |
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What are the 2 determinant of PA and therefore PB?
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input of anesthetic into alveoli
uptake of anesthetic from alveoli to capillary blood |
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How do you determine the MAC?
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Oil:Gas coefficient of a drug divided by 150
Ex: Isoflorine Coefficient is 18, so 18/150 = 1.5% = 1 MAC |
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How do you determine the Tissue:Blood coefficient?
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PAlveolar = Parterial = Pbrain
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What is osmolarity?
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Quantifies the forces determining the distribution of water and refers to the #of osmotically active particles per Liter of solution
= molarity X of active particles |
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How does partial pressure and volume % (concnetration) affect flow of gases
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Partial pressure in different areas will affect the forwrd flow of the gas, but some areas/tissues will need higher volume % (concentration) to reach the goal partial pressure bc the gas has increased solubility in these tissues
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What are the 2 opposing osmotic forces
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Colloid (pulls H2O in)
Hydrostatic (pushes H2O out) |
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How many osmotically active particles are there in dextrose?
what is the molarity of 10% dextrose in H2O? |
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0.55 moles/liter |
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what is the osmoalarity of 0.9% soln of NaCl?
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MW is 58 gm/mole
molarity = 0.155mole/liter osmolarity = 0.31 osm/liter |
