Innate Immunity Part 1

Front 1

Discuss the role NK-κβ plays in the host's immune defenses.

Back 1

Nuclear transcription factor produced in most cells. Regulates genes for apoptosis, viral replication, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases.

Front 2

Explain the reason for identifying the skin as the 1st line of defense and describe its importance in eliminating foreign invaders.

Back 2

physical barrier; also "acid mantle" of the skin, acid pH of sweat and sebaceous glands that protects the skin (pH = 4.5-5.5)

Front 3

Distinguish the difference between the enzyme lysozyme and the proteoliytic enzymes of the GI tract.

Back 3

lysozyme breaks down cell walls of bacteria (it is a carbohydrase), while enzymes of the GI tract are proteolytic

Front 4

Define phagocytosis and examine the role of PMNs and monocytes/macrophages.

Back 4

macrophages ingest cells only when they are opsonized (coated with with C3b and antibodies)

Front 5

List six soluble plasma proteins that participate in host defenses and briefly discuss their major role related to innate immunity.

Back 5

coagulation system, kallikrein-kinin system, complement system, cytokines, defensins, acute-phase proteins

Front 6

Assess the role of natural killer cells.

Back 6

NK cells are activated by cytokines (interferons) and also by macrophage-derived cytokines. These cells serve as early defense against certain intracellular pathogens, for example viruses.

Front 7

PMN, acronym

Back 7

polymorphonucleated neutrophil

Front 8

polymorphonucleated neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, eosinophils, and natural killer cells are principally part of what branch of the immune system?

Back 8

innate immunity

Front 9

Summarize the interplay between innate and adaptive immunity, noting shared aspects of the host's defense mechanisms

Back 9

MACROPHAGES and other cells are part of innnate immunity, but produce cytokines that stimulate B and T cells. B- and T-LYMPHOCYTES are part of acquired immunity, but produce cytokines and antibodies that interact with macrophages.

Front 10

How long does the innate immune system take to act? The adaptive immune system?

Back 10

INNATE: hours. ADAPTIVE: minutes

Front 11

PAMPs: acronym, def, ex (2)

Back 11

pathogen-associated molecular patterns; conserved structural features expressed by microbes but not by host. Ex. bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), viral double-stranded RNA.

Front 12

Receptors that the innate immune system uses to recognize PAMPs: term, ex.

Back 12

Innate immune sys recognizes PAMPs via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), ex. toll-like receptors (TLRs)

Front 13

Events following TLR binding to a PAMP? (2)

Back 13

1 macrophages release cytokines, 2 all cells activate transcription factors (ex. NF-κβ)

Front 14

When a TLR binds to a PAMP, what is the effect on T-cells?

Back 14

stimulates release of cytokines, which stimulate T-cells

Front 15

What releases TNFα and IL-1?

Back 15

tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 are released by macrophages when their TLRs bind LPS or other PAMPs

Front 16

What enables the innate immune system to distinguish between self and non-self?

Back 16

PAMPs

Front 17

NF-κβ: What is it? What processes does it regulate? (4 examples)

Back 17

Nuclear transcription factor produced in most cells. Regulates genes for apoptosis, viral replication, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases.

Front 18

What can activate NF-κβ? (4)

Back 18

growth factors, cytokines, drugs, stress

Front 19

"acid mantle", def

Back 19

acid pH of sweat and sebaceous glands that protects the skin (pH = 4.5-5.5)

Front 20

"respiratory escalator", def

Back 20

cilia of the mucous membranes sweep microbes up and out the resp tract

Front 21

general term for all mucous membrane environments?

Back 21

mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)

Front 22

Examples of biochemical defenses (4)

Back 22

acidity of stomach, lysozyme, pH of vagina, proteolytic enzymes and bile in GI tract

Front 23

CLINICAL APPLICATION: Why do children fed infant formula have more diarrhea than children fed on breast milk?

Back 23

no lysozyme in formula, so they are more prone to infection

Front 24

lysozyme: def, where it is found

Back 24

carbohydrase for breaking down peptidoglycan cell wall of Gram(+) bacteria, found in saliva, tears, sweat, human milk, mucus, and specific granules of neutrophils

Front 25

CLINICAL APPLICATION: Why do yeast infections develop?

Back 25

Vagina becomes too alkaline (usual pH is 3.8-4.5)

Front 26

opsonization, def

Back 26

augmentation of phagocytic activity by coating with C3b

Front 27

What attracts PMNs to the site of injury?

Back 27

chemokines

Front 28

life span of a neutrophil?

Back 28

6-8 hr (short lived)

Front 29

selectin, def

Back 29

a cell adhesion molecule (CAM) that allows polymorphonucleated neutrophils to adhere to endothelium

Front 30

What do you call macrophages in the following locations: liver, lung, peritoneum, brain, skin, lymph node

Back 30

Kupffer cells in liver, alveolar macrophages, splenic macrophages, peritoneal macrophages, microglial cells in brain, Langerhans cells in skin, dendritic cells in lymph node

Front 31

dendritic cells of lymph node: aka, origin, fxn, location

Back 31

AKA: interdigitating dendritic cells (IDCs). ORIGIN: bone marrow APCs. FUNCTION: present antigens to T-lymphocytes. LOCATION: paracortex.

Front 32

What is the most important APC?

Back 32

B-lymphocyte

Front 33

examples of general types of pathogen-recognizing receptors on the surface of macrophages? (2)

Back 33

mannose receptor, scavenger receptor

Front 34

SRB1, fxn

Back 34

scavenger receptor B1; found in the liver, takes up esterified cholesterol in the form of HDLs

Front 35

Ways that pathogenic bacteria thwart phagocytes (2)

Back 35

polysaccharide capsule inhibits phagocytosis, bacteria in phagosomes inhibit discharge of lysosomal contents, survive inside phagolysosomes

Front 36

What are the 2 classes of APCs? What cell types are found in each class?

Back 36

1 "professional" APCs that express MHC Class II (macrophages, dendritic cells, B-lymphocytes), 2 "non-professional" APCs that express MHC Class I (all nucleated cells, including fibroblasts, thymic epithelial cells, glial cells)

Front 37

What do granulomas and atherosclerosis have in common?

Back 37

Both are formed by macrophages. (Macrophages form granulomas during chronic inflammation, form plaque for atherosclerosis)

Front 38

General term for molecules of the following systems: coagulation system, kallikrein-kinin system, complement system, cytokines, defensins, acute-phase proteins

Back 38

plasma proteins

Front 39

CLINICAL APPLICATION: What is the mechanism of action of streptococcus?

Back 39

Secretes streptokinase or fibrinolysin.

Front 40

How do PMNs use the coagulation system in pathogen defense?

Back 40

Degrade coagulation inhibitors to "trap" bacteria in small vessels.

Front 41

bradykinin: general class of molecules, what it does

Back 41

Kallikrein-Kinins, cause inflammation

Front 42

Preview: What are the roles of the complement cascade? (4)

Back 42

chemotaxis, opsonization, inflammation, and finally, lysis

Front 43

Over 25 proteins and protein fragments make up the complement system, including ______ proteins and ______ proteins, They account for about 5% of the ______ fraction of blood serum.

Back 43

Over 25 proteins and protein fragments make up the complement system, including serum proteins, serosal proteins, They account for about 5% of the globulin fraction of blood serum.

Front 44

ex. classes of cytokines (

Back 44

interleukins, lymphokines, cell signal molecules (ex. TNFα, interferons)

Front 45

INF: acronym, fxn

Back 45

interferon; trigger inflammation

Front 46

Cysteine is usually cationic or anionic?

Back 46

cationic

Front 47

defensin: distinguishing characteristic of molecular structure? fxn?

Back 47

contain a lot of cysteine, found in PMN granules, fxn is to form pores in the microbial cell membrane

Front 48

defensin, def

Back 48

catch-term for antimicrobial peptides that are stored in a subset of azurophilic granules of PMNs

Front 49

2 families of defensins, which cells express them

Back 49

ALPHA DEFENSINS: expressed in PMNs and Natural Killer cells. BETA DEFENSINS: secreted by leukocytes, epithelial cells (found on tongue, skin, kidneys, esophagus, respiratory tract)

Front 50

are neutrophils APCs?

Back 50

NO! Only macrophages are phagocytic and antigen-presenting.

Front 51

acute-phase proteins, def

Back 51

aka acute-phase reactant; any protein whose plasma concentration changes during inflammatory disorders, ex. CRP

Front 52

What are the main cytokines responsible for fever and inflammation? (4)

Back 52

IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α

Front 53

is inflammation a part of the innate or adaptive immune response?

Back 53

yes

Front 54

What are the roles of C3a, C3b, C5a, and the other complements?

Back 54

C3a and C5a: chemotaxis. C3b: opsonization. All complements combined: inflammation.

Front 55

inflammation refers to what 3 specific changes at the site of injury?

Back 55

1 inc blood supply, 2 inc capillary permeability, 3 inc WBC migration (due to C3a and C5a)

Front 56

swelling, redness, heat, pain in Latin?

Back 56

tumor, rubor, calor, dolor

Front 57

CLINICAL APPLICATION: Clinical sign of pts who lack NK cells?

Back 57

constant herpes infections

Front 58

Describe how NK cells interact with body cells, including important ligands/receptors involved.

Back 58

NK cells have KIR that bind to Class I MHC surface markers, making sure that all cells have Class I MHCs present. If the body cells do not have it, the NK cell lyses them.

Front 59

IFNγ, def

Back 59

main cytokine released by NK cells

Front 60

What are the specific recognition molecules of the adaptive immune response vs. the non-specific receptors of the innate immune response?

Back 60

ADAPTIVE: Ig receptors. INNATE: TLRs.

Front 61

How does denosumab work?

Back 61

A new drug called denosumab acts to raise bone mineral density and reduce fracture rates in many patient sub-groups by inhibiting RANKL. RANKL acts through its receptor RANK, which in turn promotes NF-κB, RANKL normally works by enabling the differentiation of osteoclasts from monocytes.

Front 62

Assess the role of natural killer cells.

Back 62

NK cells are activated by cytokines (interferons) and also by macrophage-derived cytokines. These cells serve as early defense against certain intracellular pathogens, for example viruses.