Innate Immunity

Front 1

What is the first line innate immunity?

Back 1

Anatomical structures and physiological processes that prevent microorganism from colonizing the human body

Front 2

What are some of the first line innate immunities?

Back 2

-skin acting as a bilogical barrier
-Urine flow sweeps the urethra
-Fecal flow eliminates microorganishm from the body
-Stomach acid kills microorganisms
-sticky mucus in respiratory tract traps inhaled particles
-Female reproductive tract is acidic which inhibits yeast

Front 3

What is something mentioned aside from the normal list that is a fist line innate immunity

Back 3

Chewing gum is first line innate immunity producing more saliva

Front 4

What is the general description of second line Innate immunity?

Back 4

Once an organism has breached the first line of defense & colonized the body, a number of cells & proteins are used to combat the pathogen

Front 5

What are the cells involved in the second line innate immunity?

Back 5

-neutrophils
-Eosinophils
-Basophils
-Monocytes
-Mast cells
-Natural killer cells(NK cells)

Front 6

All immune cells are derived from ?

Back 6

Hematopoietic stem cells

Front 7

Which in the innate immunity is the most numerous?

Back 7

Neutrophils

Front 8

Which is the first immune cell to respond to a foreign organisn?

Back 8

Neutrophils

Front 9

What does neutrophil granules contain?

Back 9

Protease or anticrobial peptides

Front 10

What is proteases or antimicrobial peptides called?

Back 10

defensens

Front 11

What else do neutrophils contain?

Back 11

Enzymes that produce toxic free radicals of oxygen
O2- superoxide O2 2- peroxide HOCL hypochlorous

Front 12

Which innate immune cell attacks large parasites(worms)

Back 12

Eosinophils

Front 13

How do Eosinophils attack large parasites?

Back 13

It contains granules that are filled with positively charge peptides(toxic to parasites/borrow holes in them)

Front 14

What do the eosinophils release?

Back 14

pro-inflammatory signaling molecules => such as histamine

Front 15

Why does it not work out that Eosinophils are to be phagocytes?

Back 15

The targets are way to big

Front 16

What do Basophils do as an immune cell?

Back 16

Signals for helps

Front 17

What do Basophils granules do?

Back 17

they contain signaling molecules that activate and attract other immune cells

Front 18

What do monocytes do?

Back 18

recruited as part of immune response. will enter the tissues and become macrophages

Front 19

Who is the best clean-up crew?

Back 19

Macrophages

Front 20

What can macrophages be used to activate?

Back 20

lymphocytes

Front 21

Where are mast cells found?

Back 21

In the tissues

Front 22

What do mast cells release?

Back 22

signaling chemicals that attract & activate other immune cells
=>such as histamine

Front 23

What are mast cells similar to?

Back 23

Basophils

Front 24

Why is the mast cell better than basosphils?

Back 24

cause you don't damage blood you do damage tissue. ouch!

Front 25

What is a special granulocytic lymphocyte?

Back 25

Natural killer cells (NK cells)

Front 26

What do Natural killer cells do?

Back 26

They kill abnormal human cells
W/O PHAGOCYTOSIS W/O SPECIFIC MOLECULAR RECOGNITION.

Front 27

What is abnormal cell?

Back 27

An infected/or A cancerous cell

Front 28

How do natural killer cells kill?

Back 28

using peforin and granzyme

Front 29

How do perforin and granzymes work together to kill abnormal cells?

Back 29

perforin punches holes into target cells.

Granzymes inter bad cell

Front 30

So what happens to the abnornal cell when a natural killer cell get to it?

Back 30

Causes abnormal cell to undergo apoptosis(control cell death

Front 31

What is necrosis?

Back 31

uncontrolled cell death

Front 32

What are the proteins that are found in plasma that contribute to innate immunity?

Back 32

Interferon - Alpha
Complement C'
C-reactive protein (CRP)

Front 33

When is interferon - alpha released?

Back 33

released only from infected cells
==> by a virus

Front 34

What exactly does the interferon- alpha do once released?

Back 34

It travels to neighboring cells & causes them to be more resistant to infection

this limits the spread of pathogens

Front 35

Once all the neighboring cells have been warned by inerferon-alpha what happens next?

Back 35

Human cells can produce proteases & nucleases to destroy viruses

Front 36

List 5 thing about Complement= C'

Back 36

1. A collection of over 30 plasma proteins
2. Always present in the blood in an inactive state
3. produced by the liver
4. C' is activated in response to foreign cells
5. Complement acts as a cascade

Front 37

Where is Complement produced?

Back 37

liver

Front 38

Where does C' start?

Back 38

C3(larger inactive form)

Front 39

What happens to C3

Back 39

splits to produce two active fragments
==>C3a
==>C3b

Front 40

Which C3 fragment is smaller?

Back 40

C3a

Front 41

What do the C3a fragments do?

Back 41

They float away and act as inflammatory signals

Front 42

What do the inflammatory signals of C3a do?

Back 42

attract and activate immune cells

Front 43

Who reacts to the inflammatory signals of C3a?

Back 43

Neutrophils smell compliment

Front 44

What do C3b fragments do?

Back 44

stick to surface of foreign cell

improves efficiency of phagocytosis

Front 45

When the foreign cells is coated in complement its easier for phagacytosis to attach. What is this called?

Back 45

opsonization

Front 46

When the complement cascade finishes what is formed

Back 46

MAC = membrane attack complex

Front 47

What is this called when MAC is formed

Back 47

a ring of C9

Front 48

What does MAC do

Back 48

punches holes in the target cell membrane==>target loses cytosal and DIES

Front 49

Where is CRP (C-reactive protein) produced?

Back 49

Liver

Front 50

When is C-reactive protein (CRP) made?

Back 50

only made during in inflammatory responses

Front 51

CRP attaches to foreign cells and what else does it do?

Back 51

can activate complement cascade
can improve phagocytosis

Front 52

What else could CRP(C-reactive protein) use for?

Back 52

a measured marker of inflammation

Front 53

Occurs in response to an immunological insult

Back 53

Inflammation

Front 54

Inflammation is a/an ______________

Back 54

innate response to insult

Front 55

What are the classic signs of inflammation

Back 55

rubor = redness
tumor =swelling
dolor = pain
calor = heat

Front 56

What types of insult do the innate immunity respond to?

Back 56

infection & injury

Front 57

When tissue is damage what happens?

Back 57

-Damage cells release weird chemicals
-chemicals activate mast cells
-histamine increases blood flow to site of injury(via vasodilation)
-other chemicals that are released causes bone morrow to produce more neutrophils==.causing leukoytosis

Front 58

In a blood clot what is the first step that decrease the spread of pathogen?

Back 58

Blood clot block vessels and decreases blood flow from the site

Front 59

Where does a blood clot force fluid into?

Back 59

Lymphatic system

Front 60

What arrives first for tissue damage and arrives last?

Back 60

First - neutrophils
last- macrophages to cleanup

Front 61

A moderate increase in body temperature

Back 61

Fever

Front 62

Why is a moderate fever beneficial?

Back 62

because immune cells are more efficient at higher temperature

Front 63

What is the growth rate of microorganisms at higher temperature

Back 63

growth is slower

Front 64

A chemical compound that causes a fever is a

Back 64

pyrogen

Front 65

What are some pyrogen?

Back 65

the hormone interleukin-1 and bacterial products (such as lipopolysaccharide=LPS)

Front 66

When is CRP (C-reactive protein) made?

Back 66

During inflammatory response

Front 67

What does C-reactive protein do?

Back 67

attaches to foreign cells
can activate complement casacade
can improve phagocytosis

Front 68

What is produced during an oxidative burst?

Back 68

O2- H2Cl- HO2-