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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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__________ immunity is present at birth. a. innate b. adaptive immunity |
a. innate |
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Developed based on a specific response to a microbe one has been exposed to is ___________ immunity.
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adaptive |
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True or false? The innate immunity involves the first and second lines of defense. |
True. |
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Which is an example of adaptive immunity? a. The T-helper cells identifying a known pathogen in the body. b. Cytokines inducing a fever c. Macrophages engulfing, and eating bacteria. |
a. The T-helper cells identifying a known pathogen in the body, is the third line of defense, which is part of adaptive immunity. |
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True or false? Intact skin and normal biota are both parts of the innate immune system. |
True. |
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Which host defenses are SPECIFIC?
a. First line b. Second line c. Third line |
c. Third line |
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Explain how the body uses chemical defenses to keep the body safe from pathogens. |
Low ph in the stomach, lysine in the tears, earwax and saliva are all chemical non-specific immunity. |
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___________ release histamine as an immune response to allergens. a. Basophils b. Neutrophils c. Mass Cells d. Eosinophils |
a. Basophils
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True or False? Neutrophils are the most abundant WBC |
True. |
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What type of WBC is at the frontline in a bacterial invasion? a. Neutrophils b. Macrophages c. T-helper cells d. Mast Cells e. Eosinophils |
a. Neutrophils- first responders. |
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Dendritic cells, macrophages and monocytes are all a part of the __________ immunity. |
innate |
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Explain how the dendritic cells "activate" the T-helper cells. |
The dendritic cell "eats" the bacteria, and releases parts of the bacteria on it's outer surface. It then links to a T-cell and presents the antigen. The t-helper cell is now activated. |
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Natural Killer cells can be found in these places except which one? a. Liver b. spleen c. muscle d. lymph nodes e. red bone marrow |
c. muscle |
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Which of the following is a FIRST line of defense?a. antibodies
b. phagocytosis c. compliment d. inflammation e. skin |
e. skin |
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Which cell type is the first to respond to the site of inflammation?
a. neutrophils b. monocytes c. macrophages d. dendritic cells |
a. neutrophils |
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Which cell type differentiates into macrophages and dendritic cells?
a. neutrophils b. monocytes c. eosinophils d. lymphocytes |
b. monocytes |
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Where would I find a PAMP?
a. bacteria b. phagocyte c. infected cell |
c. an infected cell. pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) |
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which of these is not part of inflammation? a. redness b. pain c. heat d. swelling e. all of these are part of inflammation. |
e. all of these are part of inflammation. |
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Which of these is not a function of inflammation? a. Mobilize and attract immune components to site of injury b. Initiate tissue repair c. Destroy microbes d. induce cytokine production e. only a,b and c |
e. only a,b and c |
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Inflammation and phagocytosis are nonspecific functions that are part of which line of defense?
a. First b. Second c. Third |
b. second |
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True or false? One benefit of a fever is that it increases the production of of T-cells, high temp increases amount of interferon and repair of tissues. |
True. |
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Virally infected cells signal to neighboring cells with_______________.
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Interferons |
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Which of these is true about interferons? A. They bind to neighboring cells and induce production of antiviral proteins. b. Increases the production of of T-cells c. Neither of them are true. |
answer: A |
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___________ ________ consists of over 30 proteins that are in the bloodstreamcan attack pathogens even before immune cells become activated. |
complement cells |
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Which of these is FALSE about complement cells? A. Sequential set of reactions where first molecule activates the next molecules (like dominos) B. Can be triggered by three main pathways C. Each result in activation of a protein “C3” D. All of these are true E. More than one, but not all are true. |
Answer: D |
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opsonization stimulates:
a. inflammation b. phagocytosis c. margination d. diapedesis |
b. phagocytosis (opsin= prepare to eat) |
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Explain some of the benefits of antimicrobial peptides. |
- wide range of antimicrobial activity.
- can kill microbes directly. - can recruit other parts of the immune system. - bacteria don’t seem to develop resistance. |
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Which of the following are the main functions of the inflammatory response?
a. mobilization and attraction of immune components to the site of infection or trauma b. polymerization of the membrane attack complex c. stimulation of antiviral protein production in uninfected cells. D. These are all correct |
D. These are all correct |
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True or false? Adaptive immunity is based primarily on B and T lymphocytes, cytokines and antibodies. |
True. |
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True or false? The two main branches of innate immunity is the humoral and cellular branches. |
False. Adaptive immunity, has the humoral and cellular branches. |
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____ cells attack invaders OUTSIDE the cell. a. B b. T |
a. B |
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____ cells attack invaders INSIDE the cells. a. B b. T |
b. T |
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The humoral response is ______ mediated, where as the cellular response is ______ mediated. |
antibody, cell |
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Both B and T cells are made in the... a. Thymus b. Bone Marrow c. Spleen |
b. Bone Marrow |
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B cells and T cells are made in the bone marrow, but B cells mature in the __________, and T cells mature in the ___________. |
bone marrow, Thymus (B= bone, T= Thymus) |
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T-helper cells are activated by... |
MHC II receptors and APC's |
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True or False? Macrophages and dendritic cells are class II MHC |
True. |
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Class I APC's can be found on which one? a. All nucleated human cells b. All non-nucleated human cells |
a. nucleated human cells |
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Which cells have MHC-I on their surface?
a. Only B-cells and macrophages/dendritic cells b. All nucleated cells |
b. All nucleated cells |
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Which cells are “professional” antigen presenting cells? (APC's)
a. B-cells, macrophages, dendritic cells b. NK cells c. T-cells d. all nucleated cells |
a. B-cells, macrophages and dendritic cells |
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What does a cytotoxic T-cell do? a. destroy infected cells b. helps the binding of T-helper cells to dendritic cells. c. presents the fragments of bacteria on it's surface. |
a. destroy infected cells |
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A cell that is part of your liver would contain
a. class I MHC b. class II MHC c. both d. neither |
a. class I MHC (all nucleated cells) |
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A dendritic cell would contain
a. class I MHC b. class II MHC c. both d. neither |
b. class II MHC |
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____ ______ respond to “antigens” that are present in the body, and are part of the ________ response.
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B- Cells, Humoral |
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Which of the following is a PORTION of an antigen?
a. antibody b. variable region c. constant region d. epitope |
d. epitope |
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explain "clonal selection". |
Clonal selection means that some B-cells become memory cells. Then those memory cells which at a later date can become antigen presenting plasma cells. |
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Which of these antibodies can be found in tears, saliva and breast milk? a. IgD b. IgA c. IgG d. IgM |
b. IgA |
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Which of these antibodies can be found on the surface of a B-cell? a. IgD b. IgA c. IgG d. IgM |
a. IgD |
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True or false? A B-cells can become an activated B-lymphocyte cell by a T-helper cell. |
true. |
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True or False? Antibodies are effective against infected cells or intracellular pathogens |
False. Antibodies are NOT effective. |
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CD4+ T-cells =
a. Cytotoxic cells b. T Helper cells c. Natural Killer cells |
b. T helper cells |
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CD8+ T-cells=
a. Cytotoxic cells b. T Helper cells c. Natural Killer cells |
a. Cytotoxic cells |
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_________ __________ cells require activation by both an APC and a TH cell to become cytotoxic
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Natural Killer |
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_____________ are serine proteases that are released by cytoplasmic granules within cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells. Their purpose is to induce apoptosis within virus-infected cells, thus destroying them.
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Granzymes |
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__________ (forms pore), so granzymes enter, induce apoptosis in target cell
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perforin |
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_____ cells combat autoimmunity by suppressing T-cells that might react with “self cells".
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T-regulating |
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Which of these describes cytokines? a. chemical messengers b. produced by immune cells in response to stimulus c. helps T-cells with activation of B-lymphocytes. d. a and b e. a,b and c |
d. a and b |
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There are two types of adaptive immunity; naturally and artificially acquired. Under naturally acquired adaptive immunity, which would be considered passive? a. antigens enter the body naturally b. antigens pass from mother to baby c. antigens are introduced by vaccines d. antigens are introduced by an injection e. none of these |
b. antigens pass from mother to baby. |
