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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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where is the cerebral cortex, and what does it consist of |
The cerebralcortex is the outer layer folded grey matter of the brain and consists of cellbodies, dendrites and unmyelinated axons |
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how are the two hemispheres of the brain seperated what is the importance of this structure |
by the corpus callosum contains fibresthat project into the white matter of both hemispheres, this allowscommunication between the two. |
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what does the left hemisphere of the brain do |
left hemispherecontrols the right side of the body. Left hemisphere deals with verbal info. Left(usually) contains the apparatus that deals with expressive speech andcomprehension Leftappears to deal with arithmetic ension Left deals with linear reasoning nsion |
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what does the right hemisphere of the brain do |
Right hemisphere controls the left side of the body Rightwith spatial information Rightdeals with nonverbal aspects of communication Right deals with number estimation Right deals with wider holistic problem solving. |
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what are the 4 main brain regions and where are they |
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what are the subregions of the frontal region |
Starting fromthe back we have the motor, premotor and supplementary motor areas (SMA). We also have theinferior frontal cortex (inferior frontal gyrus) which deals with language. Finally we havethe prefrontal cortex which is divided into dorsolateral, ventromedial andorbital. |
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what does damage of the motor areas of the frontal cortex lead to |
difficultieswith voluntary motor activity of the limbs (more medial = affect the lower limb. more lateral = affect the upper limb) |
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what part of the brain is likely damaged when there is weakness of the left upper limb |
so weakness in left upper limb, damage is right hemisphere, lateral side of primary motor areas of frontal lobe |
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what does the premotal area do |
appearsto provide voluntary motor activity to the trunk |
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what does the supplementarymotor areas (SMA) do |
has a role in morecomplex and bimanual movements |
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Theleft inferior frontal gyrus (triangular area and opercular region) isassociated with Broca’s area. what does this area play a role in. what does a lesion here result in. |
Broca’s area is critical for speech A lesion herewill produce Broca’s aphasia, where the patient has severely reduced verbaloutput, with halting and effortful articulation but preserved comprehension |
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what does the right inferior frontal gyrus play a role in |
(the right inferior frontal gyrus appears to have role in tone of voice etc.) |
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what is the dorsolateral frontal cortex of the prefrontal regions involved in |
importantfor self-monitoring (how far you’ve got in achieving your goal), planning andproblem solving This is referredto as “executive function”. This is particularly on the left hemisphere |
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what is the polar and orbitofrontal of the prefrontal regions involved in |
areasof the brain that are critical for person interaction, understanding social norms andcreating our personality. |
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what is the parietal lobe involved in |
insensations of touch, smell and tasteand taste. |
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what is the effect of a lesion of the parietal lobe |
lack ofsensation on the contralateral side of the body, [however as there are manyaspects e.g. going through thalamus, so generally parietal lesion doesn’t leadto hemiloss of sensation] The parietallobe works a lot in multimodal integration, this is integrating primary sensemodalities particularly touch, smell and taste |
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what does the dominant parietal lobe do |
is involved in numeracy and goal-directed movement (called ‘praxis’). a lesion in thedominant parietal lobe they may find they can’t get manipulate their handsproperly (apraxia). |
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what does the nondominant parietal lobe do? |
involvedin understanding spatial relations |
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what happens if you have a lesion of nondominant parietal lobe |
mayhave difficulty understanding spatial relations A common symptomof a non-dominant parietal lobe is dressing apraxia, this isn’t a real apraxia(due to not being able to move limbs in a goal-directed manner), rather it is aconfusion in the spatial relations of things leading to struggling to putclothes on (as an example). They may alsosay they get lost or can’t remember when they leave the house to go left orright. |
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what is hemispatial neglect a lesion of what region of the brain may produce this. |
The lefthemisphere is very focused, its spotlight of attention is on the right side ofthe visual space. The right hemisphere takes in everything.If you shut downthe left hemisphere the brain would still take in everything in the visualfield. If you shut down the right hemisphere, the attention would be focused onone side, this is hemispatial neglect. |
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what is the role of the occipital lobe |
is the visual lobe of the brain. is the final destination of the visual pathway. |
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how may occipital lobe lesion lead to cortical blindness or hemianopia |
Visualinformation is transmitted from the retinal photoreceptors in the optic nervevia the thalami. Corticalprocessing is hierarchical, area V1 (striate cortex of the occipital lobe) is at the top of thishierarchy so damage to V1 gives rise to loss of all visual information cominginto the cortex. This leads to cortical blindness or hemianopia. |
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what do areas V2/V3 (prestrite cortex) of the occipital lobe process |
processdifferent visual primitives (certain aspects of vision) e.g. colour or motion. |
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why are there a number of unual independed clinical syndromes such as Colour blindness(achromatopsia) Akinetopsia (patient can only see stationary objectsbut cannot see motion). |
Features of thevisual world are processed by different parts of the visual cortex. eg V2/V3 do colour or motion |
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what is the role of the temporal lobe |
lobe isimportant for hearing, it contains the primary auditory cortex located insidethe lateral sulcus. It is alsoinvolved in language comprehension, this occurs in Wernicke’s area |
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what is the lateral sulcus of the temporal lobe important for |
hearing. it contains primary auditory cortex |
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what is Wenkicke's area (of the temporal lobe) important for |
involvedin language comprehension |
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what may a person with a lesion of wenkicke's area present with |
They will notunderstand what is said to them but will speak fluently. However their speechis nonsensical, often containing meaningless word-like sounds (neologisms).This is because they are unable to self-monitor their speech. |
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what does the limbic lobe comprise of |
a group ofinterconnected structures in the temporal lobe and midbrain. It includes the hippocampus,cingulate gyrus, mammillary bodies etc |
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why is the limbic lobe important |
Thissystem is important in encoding new information and memories. |
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what may damage of the limbic areas of the brain present as |
can give rise toan “amnestic syndrome”, this is an inability to store new information, whilstfully aware of their surroundings. |
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what may patients with damage to the limbic system as a result of alcohol present with |
Patientswith damage to their limbic lobe due to alcohol will talk meaningfully andinformatively but things that they say will be false and made-up, but they areunaware what they are saying is false this is called confabulation |
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when a a neurologist sees a patient with brain damage, what questions do they need to answer? |
1 - where is the brain damage located (can work this out through brain mapping with symptoms) 2 - what type of damage/lesion has occurred. |
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what is likely the timeframe of the brain lesion if it occured suddenly? |
most likelydue to leakage of blood into brain, or deprivation of blood leading to cellulardeath. |
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what is likely the timeframe of the brain lesion if it occured over a long time period |
thereis a degenerative process to blame
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what is likely the timeframe of the brain lesion if it occured subacutely (gettingworse over days) |
neoplasticor inflammatory process |
