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178 Cards in this Set
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Management
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A process by which organizational goals are achieved through the use of resources
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the resources are considered to be inputs
the attainment of the goals is viewed as the output of the process the ratio between inputs and outputs is an indication of the organization's productivity |
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interpersonal roles
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figurehead, leader, liaison
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informational roles
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monitor, disseminator, spokesperson
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decision roles
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entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, negotiator
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decision
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refers to a choice that individuals and groups make among two or more alternatives
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decision making
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a systematic process composed of three major phases: intelligence, design, and choice
implementation was added later |
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Managerial Support Systems (MSSs)
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information systems that provide support for managerial decision-making (i.e decision support systems (DSSs), group DSSs, organizational DSSs, executive information systems
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information systems that actually mak a decision (i.e. expert systems)
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Decision Support Systems (DSSs)
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computer-based information systems that combine models and data in an attempt to solve semistructured and some unstructured problems with extensive user involvement
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provide support primarily to analytical, quantitative types of decisions
can examine numerous alternatives very quickly can provide systematic risk analysis can be integrated with communications systems and databases can be used to support group work can perform these functions at a relatively low cost |
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Executive Support Systems (ESSs) aka Executive Information Systems (EIS)
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a computer-based technology designed specifically for the information needs of top executives
provides for rapid access to timely information, direct access to management reports, and very user friendly and supported by graphics |
support the informational roles of executives
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Group Decision Support Systems (GDSSs)
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an interactive computer-based system that supports the process of finding solutions by a group of decision makers
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support managers and staff working in groups
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Problem Structure
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where does the processes fall along the continuum ranging from highly structured to highly unstructured decisions
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Structured Decisions
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routine and repetitive problems for which standard solutions exist
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Unstructured Decisions
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"fuzzy", complex problems for which there are not cut-and-dried solutions
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Operational Control
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executing specific task efficiently and effectively
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nature of decisions
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Management Control
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acquiring and using resources efficiently in accomplishing organizational goals
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nature of decisions
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Strategic Planning
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the long range goals and policies for growth and resource allocation
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nature of decision
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Management Science/Operations Research
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Computer support for structured decisions is for each structured decision, prescribed solutions have been deveopled through the use of mathematical functions
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the decision matrix consists of 3 primary classes of problem structures and the 3 broad categories of the nature of decisions combined in a matrix
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Sensitivity analysis
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the study of the impact that changes in one (or more) parts of a model have on other parts
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What-if analysis
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the study of the impact of a change in the assumtions (input data) on the proposed solution
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Goal-Seeking analysis
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the study that attempts to find the value of the inputs necessary to achieve a desired level of output
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Data management subsystem
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contain all the data that flow from several sources
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Model management subsystem
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contains completed models and the building blocks necessary to develop DSS applications
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User interface
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covers all aspects of the communications between a user and the DSS
enables users to communicate with the computer |
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Users
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the persons faced with the problem or decision that the DSS is designed to support
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Knowledge-based subsystems
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provide the required expertise for solving some aspects of the problem
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Virtual group
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a group whose members are in different locations
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Decision Room
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a face-to-face setting for a group DSS, in which terminals are available to the participants
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Organizational Decision Support System (ODSS)
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a DSS that focuses on an organizational task or activity involving a sequence of operations and decision makers
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Affects several organizational units or corporate problems
cuts across organizational functions or hierarchical layers involves computer-based and (usually) communications technologies |
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Exception reporting
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reporting of only the results that deviate from a set of standards
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Drill down reporting
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investigating information in increasing detail
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Enterprise Decision Simulator
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technology that supports the informational needs of executives in the so-called "corporate war room"
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key performance indicators and information relating to critical success factors are displayed graphically on the walls of the meeting room
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Management Cockpit
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a strategic management room that enables top-level decision makers to pilot their businesses better
the environment encourages more efficient management meetings and boost team performance via effective communication |
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Intelligent Systems
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a term that describes the various commercial applications of AI
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Artificial Intelligence (AI)
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a subfield of computer science concerned with studying the thought processes of humans and recreating those processes via machines, such as computers and robots
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Turing Test
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a test for artificial intelligence in which a human interviewer, conversing with both an unseen human being and an unseen computer, cannot determine which is which
named for British AI pioneer Alan Turing |
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Expertise
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refers to the extensive, task-specific knowledge acquired from training, reading and experience
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Expert Systems (ESs)
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attempt to mimic human experts by applying expertise in a specific domain
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can support decision makers or completely replace them
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Knowledge acquisition
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knowledge that is from experts or from documented sources
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Knowledge Representation
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acquired knowledge is organized as rules or frames (objective-oriented) and stored electronically in a knowledge base
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Knowledge Inferencing
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given the necessary expertise store in the knowledge base, the computer is programmed so that it can make inferences
the reasoning function is performed in a component called the inference engine, which is the brain of the ES |
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Knowledge Transfer
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the inferenced expertise is transferred to the user in the form of a recommendation
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Knowledge Base
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contains knowledge necessary for understanding, formulating and solving problems
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Inference Engine
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a computer program that provides a methodology for reasoning and formulating conclusions
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User Interface
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enables users to communicate with the computer
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Blackboard
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an area of working memory set aside for the description of a current problem
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Explanation Subsystem
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explains its recommendations
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Natural Language Processing (NLP)
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communicating with a computer in English or whatever language you may speak
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Natural Language Understanding/Speech (voice) Recognition
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the ability of a computer to comprehend instructions given in ordinary language, via the keyboard or by voice
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Natural Language Generation/Voice Synthesis
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technology that enables computers to produce ordinary language, by "voice" or on the screen, so that people can understand computers more easily
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Neural Networks
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a system of programs and data structures that approximates the operation of the human brain
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particularly good at recognizing subtle, hidden and newly emerging patterns within complex data as well as interpreting incomplete inputs
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Fuzzy Logic
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deals with the uncertainties by simulating the process of human reasoning, allowing the computer to behave less precisely and logically than conventional computers do
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Difficulties of Managing Data
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amount of data increases exponentially
data are scattered and collected by many people used various methods and devices data come from many sources including internal, personal, and external sources data security, quality and integrity are critical |
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Clickstream data
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data that visitors and customers produce when they visit a website
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Bit
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a binary digit, a circuit that is either on or off
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Byte
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group of 8 bits, represent a single character
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Field
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name, number, or characters that describe an aspect of a business object or activity
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Record
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collection of related fields
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File (or table)
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collection of related records
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Database
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a collection of integrated and related files
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Database Management System (DBMS)
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a set of programs that provide users with tools to add, delete, access and analyze data stored in one location
minimize data redundancy, data isolation, and data inconsistency maximize data security, data integrity, and data independence |
provides all users with access to all the data
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Data redundancy
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the same data stored in many places
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Data isolation
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applications cannot access data associated with other applications
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Data inconsistency
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various copies of the data do not agree
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Data integrity
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data meets certain constraints, no alphabetic characters in zip code field
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Data independence
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applications and data are independent of one another, all applications are able to access the same data
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Data model
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diagram that represents the entities in the database and their relationships
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Entity
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a person, place, thing, or event
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Attribute
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a characteristic or quality of a particular entity
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Primary Keys
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a field that uniquely identifies that record
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Secondary keys
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fields that have identifying information but may not identify with complete accuracy
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Entity-Relationship Model
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the process by which database designers plan the database
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Entity-Relationship diagrams
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consist of entities, attributes and relationships
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Entity classes
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a group of entities of a given type
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Instance
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the representation of a particular entity
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Identifiers
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attributes unique to that entity instance
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Online transaction processing
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when transactions are processed as soon as they occur
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Relational database model
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based on the concept of two-dimensional tables
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Structured query language
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the most popular query language used to request information
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Query by example
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a grid or template that a user fills out to construct a sample or description of the data wanted
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Normalization
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a method for analyzing and reducing a relational database to its most streamlined form
when attributes in the table depend on only the primary key |
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Virtual Databases
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software applications that provide a way of managing many different data sources as though they were all one large database
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lower developmental costs
faster development time less maintenance single point of entry into a a company's data |
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Data Warehouse
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a repository of historical data organized by subject to support decision makers in the organization
include online analytical processing and multidimensional data structure |
Benefits
End users can access data quickly and easily via Web browsers because they are located in one place End users can conduct extensive analysis with data in ways that may not have been possible before End users have a consolidated view of organizational data |
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Online Analytical Processing
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involves the analysis of accumulated data by end users
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Multidimensional Data Structure
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allows data to be represented in a three-dimensional matrix (or data cube)
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Data Mart
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a small data warehouse, designed for the end-user needs in a strategic business unit (SBU) or a dept
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Data Mining
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involves searching for valuable business information in a large database, data warehouse, or data mart
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used to predict trends and behaviors
identify previously unknown patterns |
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Data Mining for : Retailing and Sales
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predict sales, prevent theft and fraud, determine correct inventory levels and distribution schedules
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Data Mining for : Banking
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forecast levels of bad loans, fraudulent credit card use, predict credit card spending by new customers
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Data Mining for : Manufacturing and Production
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Predict machinery failures, find key factors to help optimize manufacturing capacity
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Data Mining for : Insurance
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forecast claim amounts, medical coverage costs, predict which customers will buy new insurance policies
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Data Mining for : Policework
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track crime patterns, locations, criminal behavior; identify attributes to assist in solving criminal cases
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Data Mining for : Healthcare
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Correlate demographics of patients with critical illnesses, develop better insight to identify and treat symptoms and their causes
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Data Mining for : Marketing
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classify customer demographics to predict how customers will respond to mailing or buy a particular product
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Geographic Information System
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a computer-based system for capturing, integrating, manipulating and displaying data using digitized maps
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find locations for new restaurant s
emerging GIS applications integrated with GPSs |
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Virtual Reality
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interactive, computer-generated, three-dimensional graphics delivered to the user through head-mounted display
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Knowledge management
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a process that helps organizations manipulate important knowledge that is part of the organization's memory, usually in an unstructured format
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Knowledge
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information that is contextual, relevant and actionable
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also known as intellectual capital or intellectual assets
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Explicit Knowledge
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deals with more objective, rational and technical knowledge
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Tacit Knowledge
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the cumulative store of subjective or experiential learning
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Knowledge Management Systems
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use modern information technologies to systemize, enhance and expedite intrafirm and interfirm knowledge management
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Best Practices
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the most effective and efficient way of doing things, readily available to wide range of employees
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Knowledge Management System Cycle
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Create knowledge : determine new ways
Capture knowledge : identify as valuable Refine knowledge : make it actionable Store knowledge : store it in a reasonable format Manage knowledge : verify it is relevant, accurate Disseminate knowledge : made available |
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Computer Network
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a system that connects computers via communications media so that data can be transmitted among them
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Local area network (LAN)
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connects two or more devices in a limited geographical region
consists of the LAN file server, and nodes |
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LAN file server
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a repository of various software and data files for the network
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Nodes
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the client machines in the LAN
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LAN network interface card
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a special adapter that links an individual device to the communication medium
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specifies the rate of data transmission, the size of the message units, addressing information attached to each message, the network topology
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Network operating system
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manages the server and routes and manages communications on the network
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Star network topology
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all network nodes connect to a single computer, typically the file server
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Bus network topology
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all network nodes connect to the bus, which is a single communications channel, such as twisted pair, coaxial cable, or fiber optic cable
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Ring network topology
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network nodes are connect to adjacent nodes to form a closed loop
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Wide area networks (WANs)
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networks that cover large geographic areas
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typically connect multiple LANs
have large capacity and combine multiple channels provided by common carriers, such as telephone companies |
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Value-added networks (VAN)
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private, data-only networks managed by outside third-parties that provide these networks to multiple organizations
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Enterprise network
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an organization's interconnected network of multiple LANs and also can include multiple WANs
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Backbone networks
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corporate high-speed central networks to which multiple smaller networks such as LANs called embedded LANs and smaller WANs connect
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Internet
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a global WAN that connects approximately 1 million internal organizational computer networks in more than 200 countries on all continents
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ARPANET
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an experimental project started by the US Dept of Defense in 1969
to share data, exchange messages, transfer files |
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Intranet
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a network designed to serve the internal informational needs of a single organization
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Extranet
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connects part of the intranets of different organizations and allows for secure communications among business partners over the Internet using virtual private networks
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Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
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private communications networks that use the internet for transmission
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Tunneling
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encrypts the data packet to be sent, and places it inside another packet; which provides confidentiality, authentication, and integrity of the message
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Darknets
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private networks that run on the Internet but are open only to users who belong to the network
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three major uses
freedom of speech where censorship exists corporate security to protect sensitive data copyright infringement - file sharing software |
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Internet Protocol (IP)
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the set of rules used to send and receive packets from one machine to another over the Internet
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Packet switching
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a transmission technology that breaks up blocks of text into small, fixed bundles of data called packets
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Internet Service Provider (ISP)
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a company that offers Internet connections for free i.e. AOL, Comcast, Verizon
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Network access points (NAPs)
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an exchange point for Internet traffic, key components of the Internet backbone
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Internet Kiosks
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terminals located in public places like libraries and airports for people who do not have computers
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IP address
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every computer has one
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Domain name system (DNS)
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the naming system for IP addresses of companies
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Domain names
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consists of multiple parts, separated by dots, which are read from right to left
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Internet2
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develops and deploys advanced network applications such as remote medical diagnosis, digital libraries, distance education, online simulation and virtual libraries
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Next Generation Internet (NGI)
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government sponsored initiative aimed at creating an Internet that is fast, always on, everywhere, natural, intelligent, easy and trusted
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vBNS
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a high-speed network designed to support the academic Internet2 and NGI initiatives
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World Wide Web
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a system of universally accepted standards for storing, retrieving, formatting and displaying information via a client/server architecture and a graphical user interface
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Home page
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a text and graphical screen display that welcomes that user and explains the organization that has established the page
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Web site
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all the pages of the organization
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Webmaster
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the person in charge of the organization's web site
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Uniform resource locator (URL)
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points to an address of a specific resource on the Web
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Hypertext transport protocol (HTTP)
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a communications standard used to transport pages across the Web portion of the Internet
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Browsers
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provide a graphics front end that enables users to point-and-click their way across the Web, a process called surfing
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Network applications
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support businesses and other types of organizations in all types of functions including those in discovery, communications, collaboration, and web services
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Discovery
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allows users to browse and search data sources, in all topic areas, on the Web
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Search Engine
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a computer program that searched information by key words and reports the result
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Directory
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a hierarchically organized collection of links to Web pages
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Metasearch engines
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search several engines at once and integrate the findings of the various search engines to answer queries posted by users
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Software agents
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computer programs that carry out a set of routine computer tasks on behalf of the user and in so doing employ some sort of knowledge of the user's goals
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Web-browsing-assisting agents
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offer the use of a tour of the Internet
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FAQ agents
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make it easy to find answers on the Internet
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Intelligence-indexing agents
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carry out massive autonomous searches of the Web for a user
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Toolbars
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a horizontal row or vertical column of selectable image icons or buttons
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Electronic chat room
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a virtual meeting place where groups of regulars come to "gab"
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Internet telephony (VoIP)
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voice-over IP digitizes your analog voice signals, sections then into packets, and sends them over the internet
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Weblog
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a personal Website, open to the public, where the creator expresses feelings or opinions
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Wiki
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a Web site on which anyone can post material and make changes quickly, without using difficult commands
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Collaboration
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refers to efforts of two or more entities who work together to accomplish certain tasks
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Work group
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two or more individuals who act together to perform some task
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Virtual group
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when group members are in different locations
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Virtual collaboration
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the use of digital technologies that enable organizations or individuals to collaboratively plan, design, develop, manage and research products, services and innovative applications
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Discovery of material in foreign language
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use an automatic translation of Web pages to find information in different languages
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Portal
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a Web-based, personalized gateway to information and knowledge that provides relevant information from different IT systems and the Internet using advanced search and indexing techniques
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Commercial (public) portals
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offer content for diverse communities and are most popular portals on the Internet
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Affinity portals
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support communities such as a hobby group or political party
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Mobile portals
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are accessible from mobile devices
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Corporate portals
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offer a personalized single point of access through a Web browser
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Industrywide portals
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for entire industries
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E-mail
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the largest-volume application running on the Internet
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Web-based call centers
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services that provide effective personalized customer contact as an important part of Web-based customer support
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Workflow technologies
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facilitate the movement of information as it flows through the sequence of steps that make up an organization's work procedures
includes workflow management and workflow systems |
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Groupware
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software products that support groups of people who share a common task or goal and who collaborate to accomplish it
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Teleconferencing
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the use of electronic communication that allows two or more people at different locations to hold a simultaneous conference
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Videoconference
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when participants in one location can see participants at other locations and share data, voice, pictures, graphics and animation by electronic means
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Web conferencing
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videoconferencing conducted over the internet
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Real-time collaboration tools
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support synchronous communication of graphical and text-based information
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Web services
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applications, delivered over the Internet, that users can select and combine through almost any device
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E-learning
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learning supported by the web
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Virtual classrooms
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all coursework is done online and classes do not meet face-to-face
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Distance learning
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any learning situation in which teachers and students do not meet face-to-face
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Virtual Universities
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online universities from which students take classes from home or at an off-site location, via the Internet
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