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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the 3 families of adhesion proteins important in acute inflammation?
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selectins, Ig-family adhesion proteins, and integrins
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What induces selectins?
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IL-1 and TNF
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Where are L-selectins expressed and what do they bind to?
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on neutrophils and they bind to endothelial mucin-like molecules such as GlyCam-1
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Where are E- and P-selectins expressed and what do they bind to?
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Expressed on endothelial cells and they bind to oligosaccharides on leukocytes.
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What specific places is P-selectin stored?
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endothelial Weibel-Palade bodies and platelet alpha granules. It relocates to plasma membrane in response to mediators like histamine or thrombin.
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What are the two broad types of Ig-family adhesion proteins?
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ICAMs and VCAMs
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Where are ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 expressed and what do they bind to?
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Expressed on endothelial cells and they bind to integrin molecules on leukocytes.
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Where are VCAMs expressed and what do they bind to?
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same as for ICAMs
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Where are integrins found and what do they bind to? What are 3 examples?
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Found on leukocytes and they bind to ICAMs and VCAMs. LFA-1, MAC-1, and VLA-4 are integrins.
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what are 3 causes of the increased permeability in inflammation?
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Constriction of postcapillary venules, widening of inter-endothelial cell gaps, and direct endothelial damage.
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What cell type is acute inflammation most associated with?
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Neutrophils
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Where does the early release of neutrophils in acute inflammation come from?
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The post-mitotic reserve pool in bone marrow. You see more band neutrophils.
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Which cell type primarily replaces neutrophils in inflammation and after how long?
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After 2-3 days neutrophils are replaced mainly by monocytes-macrophages.
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what is monocytosis? what are common causes?
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Increased monocytes in the blood. Can be due to TB and other infections.
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What are the most prominent inflammatory cells in viral infections?
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Lymphocytes
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What cells are the most prominent ones in chronic inflammation?
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Lymphocytes, monocytes-macrophages, and plasma cells.
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The 3 ways permeability increases during inflammation.
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Endothelial cell contraction forms gaps, direct injury to vessel, leukocyte-dependent injury to vessel.
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specific gravity cutoff for exudate?
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sg>1.015
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exudate?
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edema fluid with high protein content
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serous exudate
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absence of prominent cell component
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fibrinous exudate
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lots of fibrin from coagulation activation.
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suppurative exudate
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purulent exudate with liquefactive necrosis (pus).
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3 plasma-derived vasoactive mediators
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Hageman Factor (F XII), Kinins, and complement system.
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What are the 4 results of Hageman Factor activation?
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fibrinolysis, complement activation, kinin generation, clot formation.
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What does plasmin do?
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Activates fibrinolysis and complement system
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what activates plasmin?
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Hageman factor
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What protein generates kinins?
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plasma kallikrein
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What are the anaphylatoxins?
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C3a, C4a, C5a.
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What complement factor is the leukocyte chemoattractor?
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C5a
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How do the anaphylatoxins affect smooth muscle?
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cause SM contraction.
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what releases platelet activating factor?
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active inflammatory cells (PMNs, mast cells, etc), endothelial cells, and injured tissue.
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what does platelet activating factor do?
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EVERYTHING. causes aggregation, recruits leukocytes, vasodilates, enhances permeability, ehnances phagocytosis, stimulates arach acid derivatives.
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what are the 4 mediators released by platelets?
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serotonin (permeability), TxA2 (aggregator and dilator), cationic proteins (permability), histamine.
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Where are mast cells found?
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mucosal surfaces of GI tract, lung, skin, and microvasculature.
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What are the 2 main mediators released by mast cells?
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histamine and leukotrienes.
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what is the difference between chemotaxis and haptotaxis?
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chemo: soluble chemotactic agents.
hapto: fixed insoluble gradient |
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What two mediators are the main attractors of PMNs?
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C5a and LTB4
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What cell surface protein is responsible for neutrophil transmigration?
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PCAM-1
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What is IL-8 important for?
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attracting PMNs.
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what causes Chediak-Higashi syndrome?
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defective lysosomal granules
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what causes chronic granulomatous disease of childhood?
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NADPH oxidase deficiency
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what type of recurrent infection is associated with myeloperoxidase deficiency?
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recurrent fungal infections.
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what are the molecular mediators of chronic inflammation?
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cytokines
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What causes the systemic signs and symptoms of chronic inflammation?
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IL-1 and TNF-alpha
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