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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What pathway creates prostaglandins?
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cyclooxygenase
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What does H1 do to smooth muscle?
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contracts it
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Which Cox plays a key role in gastric mucosal protection and renal hemodynamics?
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cox-1, platelets contain mainly cox-1
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Cox-2 is induced by fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and in macrophages by ______ in response to stress?
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cytokines, PGI2 mainly through COX-2
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COX-2 inhibition is more selective for blocking _____ than thromboxanes.
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prostacyclins
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What does PGI2 do?
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vasodilate and inhibit platelets and brochoDILATE
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What does PGD2 do?
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from mast cells, bronchoCONSTRICTION
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What are PGE2 (from macrophage) inflammatory fxns?
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fever (SYSTEMIC), vasoDILATE arterioles, relax VSM
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INHIBITORY PGE2?
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HLM- decrease: Lysosomal enzyme release, histamine release (H2 receptors), macrophage activation and secretion of some cytokines
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thromboxanes (A2)
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vasoCONSTRICTION, mainly from platelets, smooth muscle constriction
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leukotrienes _______ airway response to bronchoconstrictors,
______ cytokine release |
ENHANCE (leuk like histamine), stimulate
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What is PAF released from?
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(phospholipid) other pro-inflammatory cells and vascular endothelial cells, PMN, eosinophils, platelets and mast cells
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How does PAR produce hyperactivity and clinical features of the delayed stage of asthma?
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recruits eosinophils into bronchial mucosa
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What does PAF activate?
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platelets (stops bleeding and release serotonin, histamine, and thromboxane)
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What is PAF inhibited by?
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glucocorticoids
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What are synthesized from mast cells?
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prostacyclins (PGI2), prostaglandins (PGD2, PGE2), thromboxanes (A2), leukotrienes, PAF
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What is preformed in mast cells?
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histamine, neutrophil chemotactic factor, eosinophil chemotactic factor
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What are cytokines released from?
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(peptide cell regulators) lymphocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, other WBC
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What do cytokines function as regulators of?
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inflammatory and immune reactions (not constitutive, synthesized)
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What are the 5 cytokines?
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Interleukins, interferon, transforming growth factors (TGF), Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), Colony Stimulating Factors (GSCP, GMCSF)
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What kind of receptors do cytokines act on?
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high affinity
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What are interleukins produced by?
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macrophages and lymphocytes (also endothelial cells)
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When are interleukins produced?
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in infection and injury or antigenic challenge, induce response of immune cells to antigen
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What do interleukins enhance the response of?
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lymphocytes
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What vascular endothelial cells do interleukins act on?
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NO, vasodilator
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What inhibits IL production and activity?
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glucocorticoids and gold compounds
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What types of interferons are there?
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IFN alpha- cathectin, and interferon gamma and beta
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Interferons are inducible and are synesized in response to what stimuli?
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viral
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What is the widest acting cytokine?
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TGF
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What does TGF increase?
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interleukin production
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What does TGF mediate?
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proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, cell migration and adherence
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What does TGF stimulate for wound healing and collagen production?
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fibroblasts
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What does TNF increase?
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cytokine (IL) production, phagocyte activity, PGI2 synthesis in endothelial cells
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What is TNF important in?
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endotoxic shock
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How is TNF envolved in angiogenesis?
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enhances it
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What are the 2 types of colony stimulating factors?
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GCSF (granuloctye) and GMCSF (granulocyte macrophage)
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What does GCSF play a major role in?
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PMN production and maturation
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What are colony stimulating factors made from?
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endothelial cells, fibroblasts, macrophages, etc.
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What are lymphokines produced by in response to antigenic stimulation?
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T-cells
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What two things can the immune system activate?
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mast cell degranulation and complement
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What stages of inflammation are cytokines involved in?
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initiation, cell recruitment, debris removal, repai
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What are the plasma proteins?
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complement, clotting, fibrinolytic, kinin, immune
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What are 2 complement pathways?
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classical or alternative/lecithin pathway (all involve C3)
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What are the functions of the complement system?
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chemotactic, lyse bacteria, opsonins, vasodilate, increase permeability, anaphylatoxins (degranulate mast cells), can stimulate leukocytosis
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What is main substance produced in clotting cascade?
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fibrin
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What is main enzyme in clotting cascade?
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thrombin
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What activated clotting system?
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bacteria, tissue damage, kinins, HF (stim by both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways)
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Difference between intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of clotting system?
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intrinsic has injury, blood in contact with collagen and act. HF while extrinsic involves platelet/tissue damage and then thromboplatic
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What does clotting system enhance?
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kinins
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What does fibrinolytic activate?
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complement
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What results from kinin cascade?
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slow, hypotensive reaction
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What is the activator in kinin system?
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Kallikrein
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What does kinin system stimulate and activate?
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PAF, complement
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What receptors do kinins work via?
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B1 R- induced during inflammation, and BR 2- main physiological effects
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What does immune system activate?
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inflammatory, can participate in inflammation
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What does immune system stimulate?
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mast cell degranulation
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How does the immune system activate the complement system?
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activated when form antigen-antibody complex
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What 4 systems does HF activate?
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clotting, fibrinolytic, kinin, complement
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What does carboxypeptidase do?
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inactivate complement (C5)
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What cells are associated with acute inflammation?
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neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils
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What do neutrophils release?
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cytokines (IL)
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What WBC is seen mainly in longstanding (chronic) inflammatory legions in allergy and some parasitic inflammations?
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eosinophils
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Eosinophils secrete substances that _____ some action of basophils/mast cells
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neutralize
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Eosinophils are important in what stage of asthma?
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late stage in which its granular protein causes damage to bronchial epithelium
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What is the first type of cell seen in viral infection and also seen in chronic inflammation?
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lympocytes
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What mediators do lympocytes produce?
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cytokines
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Which WBC undergoed maturation at inflammatory site?
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monocytes
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What do monocytes respond to?
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lymphokines
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Monocytes are responsible for antigen processing via ____?
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cytokines (IL-1)
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What chemotactic agents do monocytes respond to?
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PMNs, complement, kinins, bacterial products, etc.
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Do basophils need chemotactic signal?
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yes
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Cytoplasmic fragments form ______ in bone marrow
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mega karyocytes
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How many platelets are in circulation?
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140-340,000 microliters
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What does platelet degranulate?
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serotonin, histamin, Platelet Derived Growth Factors (promote proliferation of connective tissue)
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What phase of asthma do platelets contribute to?
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first phase, generate thromboxane and PAF (PAF recruit eisonophils into bronchial mucosa)
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What is needed for pavementation?
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Ca 2+, TNF, LTB, IL
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In pavementing, there are adhesion molecules on leukocyte (______) and endothelium (_______ family of adhesion molecules)
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integrin, selectin
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Normal WBC count?
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4000-10,000 microliters
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Where do PMNs come from?
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bone
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In TB, what type of WBC in granuloma?
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lymphocytes
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In parasites, what type of WBC in granuloma?
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eisonophils
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In fungal, what type of WBC in granuloma?
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neutrophils
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______ to pituitary gland stimulates adrenal gland via increase in ACTH to increase output of glucocorticoids.
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cytokines (IL-1)
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What has antinflammatory effects?
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glucocorticoids (can depress protein synth)
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leukocytosis
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increase in # of circulating leukocytes
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Increase eosinophils in what?
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allergies, hay fever, parasitic infections (trichinosis), scarlet fever and cholera
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Increased lymphocyte in what?
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whooping cough, infectious mononucleosis, rubella, acute dermatitis
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viral infections increase lymphocytes and decrease _____?
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neutrophils
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n
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n
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n
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n
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