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90 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What pathway creates prostaglandins?
cyclooxygenase
What does H1 do to smooth muscle?
contracts it
Which Cox plays a key role in gastric mucosal protection and renal hemodynamics?
cox-1, platelets contain mainly cox-1
Cox-2 is induced by fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and in macrophages by ______ in response to stress?
cytokines, PGI2 mainly through COX-2
COX-2 inhibition is more selective for blocking _____ than thromboxanes.
prostacyclins
What does PGI2 do?
vasodilate and inhibit platelets and brochoDILATE
What does PGD2 do?
from mast cells, bronchoCONSTRICTION
What are PGE2 (from macrophage) inflammatory fxns?
fever (SYSTEMIC), vasoDILATE arterioles, relax VSM
INHIBITORY PGE2?
HLM- decrease: Lysosomal enzyme release, histamine release (H2 receptors), macrophage activation and secretion of some cytokines
thromboxanes (A2)
vasoCONSTRICTION, mainly from platelets, smooth muscle constriction
leukotrienes _______ airway response to bronchoconstrictors,
______ cytokine release
ENHANCE (leuk like histamine), stimulate
What is PAF released from?
(phospholipid) other pro-inflammatory cells and vascular endothelial cells, PMN, eosinophils, platelets and mast cells
How does PAR produce hyperactivity and clinical features of the delayed stage of asthma?
recruits eosinophils into bronchial mucosa
What does PAF activate?
platelets (stops bleeding and release serotonin, histamine, and thromboxane)
What is PAF inhibited by?
glucocorticoids
What are synthesized from mast cells?
prostacyclins (PGI2), prostaglandins (PGD2, PGE2), thromboxanes (A2), leukotrienes, PAF
What is preformed in mast cells?
histamine, neutrophil chemotactic factor, eosinophil chemotactic factor
What are cytokines released from?
(peptide cell regulators) lymphocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, other WBC
What do cytokines function as regulators of?
inflammatory and immune reactions (not constitutive, synthesized)
What are the 5 cytokines?
Interleukins, interferon, transforming growth factors (TGF), Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), Colony Stimulating Factors (GSCP, GMCSF)
What kind of receptors do cytokines act on?
high affinity
What are interleukins produced by?
macrophages and lymphocytes (also endothelial cells)
When are interleukins produced?
in infection and injury or antigenic challenge, induce response of immune cells to antigen
What do interleukins enhance the response of?
lymphocytes
What vascular endothelial cells do interleukins act on?
NO, vasodilator
What inhibits IL production and activity?
glucocorticoids and gold compounds
What types of interferons are there?
IFN alpha- cathectin, and interferon gamma and beta
Interferons are inducible and are synesized in response to what stimuli?
viral
What is the widest acting cytokine?
TGF
What does TGF increase?
interleukin production
What does TGF mediate?
proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, cell migration and adherence
What does TGF stimulate for wound healing and collagen production?
fibroblasts
What does TNF increase?
cytokine (IL) production, phagocyte activity, PGI2 synthesis in endothelial cells
What is TNF important in?
endotoxic shock
How is TNF envolved in angiogenesis?
enhances it
What are the 2 types of colony stimulating factors?
GCSF (granuloctye) and GMCSF (granulocyte macrophage)
What does GCSF play a major role in?
PMN production and maturation
What are colony stimulating factors made from?
endothelial cells, fibroblasts, macrophages, etc.
What are lymphokines produced by in response to antigenic stimulation?
T-cells
What two things can the immune system activate?
mast cell degranulation and complement
What stages of inflammation are cytokines involved in?
initiation, cell recruitment, debris removal, repai
What are the plasma proteins?
complement, clotting, fibrinolytic, kinin, immune
What are 2 complement pathways?
classical or alternative/lecithin pathway (all involve C3)
What are the functions of the complement system?
chemotactic, lyse bacteria, opsonins, vasodilate, increase permeability, anaphylatoxins (degranulate mast cells), can stimulate leukocytosis
What is main substance produced in clotting cascade?
fibrin
What is main enzyme in clotting cascade?
thrombin
What activated clotting system?
bacteria, tissue damage, kinins, HF (stim by both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways)
Difference between intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of clotting system?
intrinsic has injury, blood in contact with collagen and act. HF while extrinsic involves platelet/tissue damage and then thromboplatic
What does clotting system enhance?
kinins
What does fibrinolytic activate?
complement
What results from kinin cascade?
slow, hypotensive reaction
What is the activator in kinin system?
Kallikrein
What does kinin system stimulate and activate?
PAF, complement
What receptors do kinins work via?
B1 R- induced during inflammation, and BR 2- main physiological effects
What does immune system activate?
inflammatory, can participate in inflammation
What does immune system stimulate?
mast cell degranulation
How does the immune system activate the complement system?
activated when form antigen-antibody complex
What 4 systems does HF activate?
clotting, fibrinolytic, kinin, complement
What does carboxypeptidase do?
inactivate complement (C5)
What cells are associated with acute inflammation?
neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils
What do neutrophils release?
cytokines (IL)
What WBC is seen mainly in longstanding (chronic) inflammatory legions in allergy and some parasitic inflammations?
eosinophils
Eosinophils secrete substances that _____ some action of basophils/mast cells
neutralize
Eosinophils are important in what stage of asthma?
late stage in which its granular protein causes damage to bronchial epithelium
What is the first type of cell seen in viral infection and also seen in chronic inflammation?
lympocytes
What mediators do lympocytes produce?
cytokines
Which WBC undergoed maturation at inflammatory site?
monocytes
What do monocytes respond to?
lymphokines
Monocytes are responsible for antigen processing via ____?
cytokines (IL-1)
What chemotactic agents do monocytes respond to?
PMNs, complement, kinins, bacterial products, etc.
Do basophils need chemotactic signal?
yes
Cytoplasmic fragments form ______ in bone marrow
mega karyocytes
How many platelets are in circulation?
140-340,000 microliters
What does platelet degranulate?
serotonin, histamin, Platelet Derived Growth Factors (promote proliferation of connective tissue)
What phase of asthma do platelets contribute to?
first phase, generate thromboxane and PAF (PAF recruit eisonophils into bronchial mucosa)
What is needed for pavementation?
Ca 2+, TNF, LTB, IL
In pavementing, there are adhesion molecules on leukocyte (______) and endothelium (_______ family of adhesion molecules)
integrin, selectin
Normal WBC count?
4000-10,000 microliters
Where do PMNs come from?
bone
In TB, what type of WBC in granuloma?
lymphocytes
In parasites, what type of WBC in granuloma?
eisonophils
In fungal, what type of WBC in granuloma?
neutrophils
______ to pituitary gland stimulates adrenal gland via increase in ACTH to increase output of glucocorticoids.
cytokines (IL-1)
What has antinflammatory effects?
glucocorticoids (can depress protein synth)
leukocytosis
increase in # of circulating leukocytes
Increase eosinophils in what?
allergies, hay fever, parasitic infections (trichinosis), scarlet fever and cholera
Increased lymphocyte in what?
whooping cough, infectious mononucleosis, rubella, acute dermatitis
viral infections increase lymphocytes and decrease _____?
neutrophils
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