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27 Cards in this Set

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Inflammtion
protective response intended to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury as well as the necrotic cells and tissues resulting from the original insult
Function of inflammation (3)
1.To dilute/destroy/neutralize agents-microbes and toxins.
2. removal of dead and damaged tissue
3. initiate repair
3 ways in which inflammation may cause pathology
1.reaction is very strong
2. reaction is prolonged
3. inappropriate reaction
goal of inflammation
to bring cells and molecules of host defences from the blood stream to the site of infection or damage
Acute inflammation characteristics
rapid onset and duration
fluid and plasma protein exudate in tissue
neutrophilic accumulation in the inflamed tissue
chronic inflammation characteristics
longer duration
influx of lymphocytes and macrophages
vascular proliferation occurring and fibrosis
hyperaemia
increased blood flow to tissues
margination of leukocytes
leukocytes accumulate along the endothelial surface, pavementing- endothelium lined by leukocytes, blood vessel walls become sticky
inflammatory stimuli (4)
1. physical- cuts, burns, fractures
2. chemical- acid, alkali
3. microbial- bacteria, fungi, toxin, parasite
4. immunological (norm immune response/ hypersensitivity)
clinical signs of acute inflammation (5)
1. Heat- vasodilation increased blood flow, increased metabolic rate
2.Redness- increased blood flow
3. Swelling- accumulation of exudate
4. Pain- tension in tissue, neerotransmitters of pain acting on nerves
5. Loss of function- due to pain, swelling
vasodilation
arterioles dilate and capillary beds in damaged area expand in volume to accommodate increased blood flow (heat and redness)
Reason for exudate formation in capillaries and venules
high density of receptors on endothelial cells for histamine, serotonin, bradykinin trigger gap formation via reorganisation of endothelial cell cytoplasm
exudate
extracellular fluid rich in proteins and or cells
Transudate
extravascular fluid that is filtered so contains little or no protein or cells. fluid is glossy clear
Tumor necrosis factor alpha in inflammation
triggers inflammation, induces cardinal signs of inflammation, prolongs and amplifies it
produced by macrophages, mast cells, t and b cells, endothelial cells
Interleukin 1
Responsible together with TNF-alpha for sickness, fever, lethargy, lack of appetite.
Macrophage cytokine
interleukin 6
produced by innate immune cells after stimulation with il-1, TNF-alpha or PAMPS .
affects inflammation and acquired immunity.
The triple response (heat, redness and swelling) is biphasic, What occurs during the immediate phase?
due to histamine granules in basophils, serotonin of platelets complement and blood clotting factors acting on the endothelial cells to cause vasodilation and increased permeability.
Delayed phase of the triple response
due to kinins and prostaglandins and leukotrienes,
Delayed as these are newly synthesised molecules which takes time. Affect vasodilation and increased permeability.
Types of exudate (6)
1. serous- watery
2. fibrinous- fibrin content high
3. catarrhal- mucin
4. haemorrhagic- frank bleeding into tissues
5. suppurative- pus
6. necrotizing - cell death, ischemia
Lymphangitis
virulent bacteria lodge in the lymphatics and causes inflammation in the lymphatic vessel walls
Lymphadenitis
acute inflammation in the lymph nodes
Tissue cells associated with inflammation (4)
1. mast cells
2. fibroblasts
3. macrophages
4. endothelial cells
Cells of the blood associated with inflammation (5)
1. PMN
2. Monocytes
3. Eosinophils
4. Basophils
5. Platelets
Function of neutrophil in inflammation (3)
1. Phagocytosis- of pathogen, Ag/Ab complexes via TLR's and FcR
2. Liquification- of tissue by lysosomal enzymes
3. Amplification- of inflam by production of PG, LT and PAF
Why is monocyte adherence and migration to injury sight slower?
MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) production is slower and there is more neutphils than monocytes in tissue
Role of macrophages in acute inflammation
1. phagcytosis of pathogens via TLP and FcR receptors
2. Secrete toxic factors (eg nitric oxide, proteases)
3. Secrete IL-1, TNF-alpha and IL-6- Promoting leukocyte adherence and migration, induces synthesis of PG and LT, induces acute phase response
4. Secrete Colony Stimulating Factor- promotes differentiation of immature granulocyte and monocyte