Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Babesia
epidemiology |
-gibsoni = pit bull terriers
-canis vogeli = greyhounds -transmission = ticks, infected blood transusions, dog fights |
|
|
Babesia
Clinical Signs |
-dog bites
-fever -lymphadenopathy, -splenomegaly -jaundince |
|
|
Babesia
Clin Path (CBC) |
CBC:
-thrombocytopenia (immune mediated) -anemia almost always regenerative (immune mediated; Coombs positive) -leukon variable |
|
|
Babesia
Clin Path (Chem) |
-mild increases in liver enzymes
-hyperglobulinemia |
|
|
Babesia
Diagnosis |
-microscopy
-PCR (#1) -serology against both B. gibsoni and canis; convalescent with acute onset or low or negative acute titers |
|
|
Babesia
Treatment |
-Imidocarb is only approved
-combo of doxycycline, clindamycin and metronidazole shows promise |
|
|
Babesia
follow-up |
-likely to be cured (canis) w/imidocarb
-other tx's can lead to persistent parasitemia and recrudescence => 2 consecutive blood smears and PCR 6-8wks post tx |
|
|
Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis
epidemiology |
-multiple different species
-acute or chronic -most cases recognized during chronic stage |
|
|
Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis
Clinical signs |
-usually vague = fever, lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, vomiting
-may see lymphadenopathy, polyarthritis, +/- uveitis |
|
|
Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis
Clin Path (CBC) |
-thrombocytopenia
*non-regenerative anemia (secondary IMHA is rare) **lack of thrombocytopenia does not R/O ehrlichiosis |
|
|
Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis
Clin Path (Chem) |
-hyperglobulinemia
-hypoalbuminemia -proteinuria |
|
|
Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis
Diagnosis |
-Serology
-acute = acute and convalescent titers -chronic = one elevated titer consistent with infection *SNAP not diagnostic = **only supportive of diagnosis in conjunction with clinical signs (Ab test) -low levels of circulating organism hamper PCR -pos PCR = positive -neg PCR = do not R/O!! |
|
|
Ehlichiosis/Anaplasmosis
Treatment |
-Doxycycline
|
|
|
Ehrlichiosis/Anaplasmosis
Zoonosis |
-dogs don't transmit to humans, but act as sentinel for further spread
|
|
|
Bartonella
epidemiology |
-B. vinsonii and hensalae primary causes of bartonellosis in dogs
|
|
|
Bartonella
Clinical Signs/Manifestations |
*endocarditis
-granulomatous inflammation -lameness and stiffness > polyarthritis |
|
|
Bartonella
Clin Path (CBC) |
-anemia and thrombocytopenia
|
|
|
Bartonella
Diagnosis |
-Serology (exposure or infection?)
*combination of special culture to increase load and then PCR = excellent **often serology and PCR/bacteriologic assays differ => use combo |
|
|
Bartonella
Treatment |
-azithromycin
|
|
|
Bartonella
Zoonosis |
**immunocompromised are susceptible to infection => client education warranted
|
|
|
RMSF
epidemiology |
-caused by Rickettsia rickettsii
*acute systemic disease in dogs and humans -usually seasonal (spring and summer) correlating with Dermacentor tick life-cycle |
|
|
RMSF
Clinical Signs |
-fever
-lethargy -anorexia -pain -petechia (platelet consumption and vasculitis) -jaundice -neurological signs |
|
|
RMSF
Clin Path (CBC) |
1 = thrombocytopenia (moderate to severe)
2 = leukocytosis; tends to increase with duration of disease *not known to commonly cause hemolytic anemia **hematological effects rarely seen w/o clinical signs |
|
|
RMSF
Diagnosis |
-serology
-acute = acute and convalescent -sick 10-14d; single high titer sufficient |
|
|
RMSF
treatment |
-doxycyline, chloramphenicol, and enrofloxacin
|
|
|
RMSF
follow-up |
-convalescent titer indicated even if responding to tx because undiagnosed animal can serve as sentinal for human infection
|
|
|
RMSF
zoonosis |
*direct exposure and common vector transmission possible
|
|
|
Cytauxzoonosis
epidemiology |
-emerging infectious dz in cats
-Cytauxzoon felis -transmitted by tick (Dermacentor) **morality rate >90% -outdoor cats at higher risk of infection; hyperendemic areas |
|
|
Cytauxzoonosis
Clinical signs |
-lethargy, depression
*fever -hepato-splenomegaly -dyspneic, moribund, hypothermic and neurologic in end stages of disease |
|
|
Cytauxzoonosis
Pathophysiology |
**most clinical signs due to obstruction of small vessels with schizont-laden macrophages = ichemia and thrombosis
|
|
|
Cytauxzoonosis
Clin Path (CBC) |
-pancytopenia =classic
-thrombocytopenia and leukpenia 2 most common cell lines |
|
|
Cytauxzoonosis
Diagnosis |
-cytology of hepatic, lung and spleen can show shizont laden macrophages
-macs in periphery of blood smear -PCR **no serology b/c cats don''t usually live long enough to make Ab's |
|
|
Cytauxzoonosis
Treatment |
-supportive care with IV fluids and anti-coagulents to prevent thrombi (heparin)
|
|
|
Cytauxzoonosis
Follow-up |
-prognosis excellent if live >7d
-tick preventative in hyperendemic areas |
|
|
Leishmaniasis
epidemiology |
-emerging dog disease
-usually presents as chronic dz -foxhounds |
|
|
Leishmaniasis
Clinical Signs |
-skin lesions common
|
|
|
Leishmaniasis
Clin Path (CBC) |
-non-regenerative anemia
-thrombocytopenia |
|
|
Leishmaniasis
Clin Path (Chem) |
-hypoalbuminenia
--hyperglobulinemia -proteinuria -azotemia |
|
|
Leishmaniasis
Diagnosis |
-serology but Ab's not always detectable in infected dogs
-acute = acute and convalescent -chronic = one high titer sufficient -PCR of lymph node or bone marrow |
|
|
Leishmaniasis
treatment |
-no current tx known to clear infection
|
|
|
Leishmaniasis
zoonosis |
-casual contact not major risk
-direct exposure is potential *common vector transmission is possible |
|
|
Haemobartonellosis = Mycoplasma
epidemiology |
-mycoplasmas are most commonly diagnosed infectious cause of IMHA in cats
-M. haemofelis and haemominutum assumed to be transmitted by cat flea Ctenocephalides felis -M. haemocanis transmits canine haemobartonellosis |
|
|
Haemobartonellosis = Mycolplasma
Clincal Signs |
*clinical disease more common in cats than dogs (silent)
-usually vague = anorexia, lethargy, wt loss, jaundice, pale mm, slenomegaly |
|
|
Haemobartonellosis = Mycoplasma
Clin Path (CBC) |
-anemia is most common hematological sign in cats with M. haemofelis
-many show no signs |
|
|
Haemobartonellosis = Mycoplasma
Diagnosis |
*NO SEROLOGY!
-microscopy can show epicellular organisms but insensitive b/c few circulating organisms -PCR |
|
|
Haemobartonellosis = Mycoplasma
Treatment |
-doxycycline
|
|
|
Hepatozoonosis
epidemiology |
-chronic systemic dz of dogs
-Hepatozoon canis or americanum -transmitted by ingestion of tick (Amblyomma) -most common in SE |
|
|
Hepatozoonosis
clinical signs |
-usually systemically ill
-fever, malaise, anorexia, emaciation, stiffness, ocular discharge and pain *periosteal reaction on long bones |
|
|
Hepatozoonosis
Clin path (CBC) |
-leukocytosis
-mild non-regenerative anemia |
|
|
Heaptozoonosis
Diagnosis |
-seen in leukocytes on blood smear
-periosteal reaction on multiple long bones -PCR *organism recovery high from muscle biopsy |
|
|
Hepatozoonosis
treatment |
-none shown to eliminate infection
-some can induce remission (TMS) |
|
|
Lyme disease
epidemiology |
-endemic mostly to NE
-spriochete Borrelia burgdorferi and spread by deer tick |
|
|
Lyme disease
clinical signs |
-fever and lamness most common!
|
|
|
Lyme disease
Clin path |
*no typical hematological or biochemical effects
"lyme associated nephritis" = bull |
|
|
Lyme disease
Diagnosis |
-serology helpful if no vaccine history
-new SNAP Ab tests can differ vaccine from natural exposure -western immunoblotting -maybe PCR of tissue not blood! **95% of exposed dogs do not develop clinical disease |
|
|
Lyme disease
treatment |
-tetracyclines and clavamox
|
|
|
IMHA
signalment |
-usually dogs >1yr
-cocker, miniature poodles, old english sheepdogs, doberman pinschers |
|
|
IMHA
history |
-weak association between recent vaccination and IMHA
-assessment of tick exposure, sulfa drugs, Zn or onions, or other concurrent systemic signs may make infectious or neoplastic causes more likely |
|
|
IMHA
PE |
-weak, depressed
-pale mm (decreased perfusion) -jaundice -systolic murmor d/t decreased blood viscosity -tachycardia and tachypnea d/t low oxygen delivery -petechia or eccymoses if concurrent ITP |
|
|
**checklist of tests to consider for anemia
|
-CBC (in house PCV/TP before send off)
-Chemistry (r/o chronic dz as cause of anemia) -UA (impt if azotemic on chem) -in-saline agglutination -coomb's test -infectious dz (microscopy, IFA, PCR) -abdominal rads (coins, splenic torsion) -Chest rads (neoplasia) -ANA -HTWM antigen -bone marrow (if non-regenerative anemia or concurrent ITP) |
|
|
IMHA
treatment |
-commitment of at least one week impt because that's how long it takes immunosuppression to work
-may need for life time |
|
|
Fever unknown origin
definition |
-does not resolve spontaneously and for which no obvious cause is identified
-have to rule out non-pyrogenic causes of elevated body temperature (heat stroke and exertion) |
|
|
FUO
top three differentials |
-infectious
-immune mediated -neoplastic |
|
|
FUO
diagnostic approach |
-CBC, chem, UA
-urine bact culture and sensitivity help identify pyelonephritis and prostatitis -FeLV and FIV Ab tests for all cats consider: -serial blood cultures to detect bacteremia -cytology of enlarged lymph nodes or affected organs -specific serologic tests for infectious agents -PCR specific agents -fungal cultures or serology -cytology and culture of CSF or synovial fluid -arthrocentesis (jt tap) -immune mediated tests: ANA, Coomb's, auto-agglutination -thoracic + abd rads (neoplasia) -spinal and long bone rads (osteomyelitis, discospondylitis) -abdominal US (pyelonephritis, prostatitis) -Echo -bone marrow aspirate or biopsy -muscle biopsy (hepatozoon) -abdominocentesis -tracheal wash or BAL |
